The youth unemployment is a youth unemployment, defined by the UN at the age of 15-24. Unemployed are defined as someone who has no job but is actively looking for work. In order to qualify as an unemployed for official measurements and statistics, the individual must be unemployed, willing and able to work, from the officially designated 'working age' and actively seeking position. The unemployment rate of young people tends to be higher than adults in every country in the world.
Video Youth unemployment
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There are 1.2 billion youths in the world aged between 15 and 24 years, accounting for 17% of the world's population. 87% of them live in developing countries. The age range defined by the United Nations discusses the period when the school must end until the age of 24 years. This definition is still controversial because it affects not only unemployment statistics but also plays an important role in targeted solutions designed by policymakers in the world.
Two major debates are taking place today. First, defining adolescent age ranges is not as obvious as it may seem. Two theoretical perspectives have dominated this debate. Youth can be seen as a stage in life between adolescence and adulthood or as a socially constructed group with its own subculture, making it difficult to establish comparable age ranges between countries. Second, the definition of unemployment itself leads to the possibility of not taking into account a number of unemployed youth. Those who are jobless and inactive looking for work - often women - are considered inactive and therefore excluded from unemployment statistics. Their inclusion will substantially increase the unemployment rate.
Maps Youth unemployment
Cause
There are many causes and complexes behind youth unemployment. Among them, the quality and relevance of education, the inflexible labor market and the regulation, which in turn creates a situation of relief and dependence, are the main causes discussed today.
From education to work: skill crisis
The quality and relevance of education is often regarded as the root cause of youth's first unemployment. In 2010, in 25 of the 27 developed countries, the highest unemployment rate was among people with basic or less education. However, higher education does not guarantee decent work. For example, in Tunisia, 40% of university graduates are unemployed for 24% non-graduates. This affects young women who are highly educated in particular. "In Turkey, unemployment rates among university-educated women are more than 3 times higher than university-educated men, in Iran and the United Arab Emirates, almost 3 times, and in Saudi Arabia, it is 8 times".
In addition to the need to ensure access to all, education is not adequately tailored to the needs of the labor market, which in turn leads to two consequences: incapacity for young people to find employment and the inability of employers to hire the skills they need. Combined with the economic crisis and the lack of adequate employment creation in many countries, it has resulted in high worldwide unemployment rates and the development of skills crunch. Surveys show that up to half of all businesses have an open position they strive for to find people who are suitably qualified. A global survey found that more than 55% of entrepreneurs around the world believe there is a "skill crisis" because businesses are seeing a growing incompatibility between the skills students learn in the educational and workplace systems. For many governments, the key question is how they can bridge this gap and ensure that young people are equipped with the skills that entrepreneurs look for.
Market and labor regulations
First, high employment protection laws cause employers to be careful to hire more than the minimum number of workers, since they can not be easily dismissed during the downturn, or are fired if new employees have to turn out to be unmotivated or incompetent. Second, the development of temporary employment forms such as internships, seasonal employment and short-term contracts has put young workers in a critical situation. Because their work is a temporary contract, youth often become the first to be dismissed when a company is sideways. If they are dismissed, youth usually do not qualify for redundancy payments because they only work with the company for a short time. After this work ends, many find themselves unemployed and harmed in job search. However, some youth enter work on a part-time basis during tertiary education. This figure is low in countries such as Italy, Spain and France but in the United States nearly a third of students combine education and employment.
The legitimacy of the internship has begun to be questioned. The purpose of the internship is to enable new students or graduates to gain work experience and letters of recommendation to be added to their curriculum vitae. However, many apprentices complain that they only do menial jobs, rather than learn important knowledge and skills. Whether or not this apprentice position now violates existing federal rules to regulate such an internship program remains to be seen. Apprenticeship however, seems to be the only viable alternative to job placement for young individuals. With little or no job growth going on, the unemployment rate among those just graduating from college and at the end of 15-24 the age of the youth spectrum is about 13.2% in April 2012.
Help and dependency
Many countries around the world provide income assistance to support unemployed youth to the labor market and improved economic conditions. Although this support is strongly linked to obligations in terms of active job search and training, it has led to a debate that arises on whether or not it creates dependence among youth and has an adverse effect on them. In September 2014, David Cameron announced that he would cut housing and employment benefits for ages 18 to 21 by £ 3,000 to £ 23,000 to reduce reliance on government aid and direct funding for targeted programs to improve learning and training opportunities..
Case study
The individual experiences of youth unemployment vary from country to country. The definition of youth may also vary from country to country so that examination of certain countries provides a wider insight into the causes and consequences of youth unemployment.
Africa
African countries define youth as a person aged 15 years to a person in his mid-thirties, which varies from the standard definition of the United Nations. Africa has the youngest population on any continent which means that the youth unemployment problem there is highly relevant. About 200 million people in Africa are between 15 and 24 years old. This number is expected to double in the next 30 years. Between 2001 and 2010, countries in Africa reported some of the fastest-growing economies in the world. In Africa, messages received by youth from schools and adults are to be job creators rather than job seekers, which encourages them to become entrepreneurs.
Canada
The Canadian economy has beaten the global recession better than many others. But last year, 14.3 percent of Canadian youths were unemployed, up from 11.2 percent in 2007 and twice the current national unemployment rate of 7.2 percent, according to Statistics Canada. That's the largest number of gaps between youth and adult unemployment since 1977. The average post-secondary graduate carries $ 28,000 in student debt. The unemployment rate for young Canadians is about twice that of the rest of the population. In Canada's largest province, Ontario, the unemployment rate is the highest. The unemployment rate for the Ontaria between the ages of 15-24 hovered between 16 and 17 per cent, twice the normal provincial rate and higher than the national youth unemployment rate of 13.5 to 14.5 per cent. The percentage of youths in Ontario who actually have jobs has not risen above 52 percent this year. The youth unemployment rate in Toronto is 18 percent, but only 43 percent of the youth in the area are employed, the lowest level in the province.
European Union
The growth of youth unemployment, which reaches new heights of 22.5% in the EU, and preconditions of labor market conditions reveal that the gap between 'outsiders' of the labor market and 'insiders' is widening. One of the most dramatic consequences that may occur from this growing diversity is arguably the loss of the rights of outsiders of the labor market, especially youth, of social and political participation (Ferragina et al., 2016). If the aim of policymakers is to revive social and political participation in periods of great disappointment and declining legitimacy for our democracy, there must be room for investigation and further action into the effect of youth's unawareness on social and political participation.
Because of the great recession in Europe, in 2009, only 15 percent of men and 10 percent of women between the ages of 16-19 years were employed full-time. The level of employment of young people in the EU reached 32.9 percent of the lowest point during the first half of 2011. From countries in the EU, Germany came out with a low rate of 7.9%. Some critics argue that the decline in youth unemployment starts even before the economic crisis, countries like Greece and Spain.
The UK has experienced an increase in youth unemployment in recent years, with levels reaching over 20 percent in 2009. The term NEET originated here, meaning youth who are not in education, work or training.
French
By 2017 the youth unemployment rate in France is 22.3%, relatively high compared to the overall unemployment rate of 8.9%. France has one of the highest youth unemployment rates among EU countries, conducting experiments behind Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal.
The level of education is a factor affecting unemployment for the French youth population. Those who do not enter the higher education program have a very low 30% job rate compared to a job rate of more than 80% for those entering higher education. France has also experienced a high rate of drop out, which has resulted in a high low-skilled worker population. Lack of adequate job training or skills sought by employers, many young Frenchmen have no choice to work.
This unemployment problem has been on the French agenda for decades and has pushed much effort to reduce its impact. In 2010 France established an employment law to establish mandatory minimum wage for the youth population. Also, public programs include the promotion of job training to better equip workers to enter new positions, create more jobs especially for low-skilled workers, and reduce labor costs through subsidies and other efforts.
Compared to other highly developed and advanced OECD member countries, France shows higher unemployment rates and longer duration. From 1983 to 2018 the youth unemployment rate in France has increased overall. This averages at a rate of 20.19% reaching a maximum of 26.2% in 2012.
From 1979 to 1984, France saw its promulgated minimum wage, SMIC (salaire minimum interprofessional de croissance), rising sharply. Historically, the increase in SMIC has been shown to produce an increasing unemployment rate among the country's youth population. At the end of this period, the youth unemployment rate was 26%, almost double the average OECD youth unemployment rate. France also saw a double-digit decline in active youth in the labor market from 1980 to 2007.
In an effort to combat youth unemployment, the French are trying to improve their education system because France sees the unemployment rate dropping among those who have received higher levels of education. But the less educated, not only experienced an increase in unemployment, but longer period of unemployment. For example, in 1996, 58% of the lowest-educated labor market population experienced an average of one year of unemployment. France has made an achievement in improving higher education among young people, reaching the European target of 2020 to reduce initial schools that leave below 10%. France offers most of the free education and the government gives students benefits.
Like other countries in the EU, France has enacted a school-to-work policy to facilitate the transition of two working schools to youth once they complete their higher education. They have longer transition times for students entering the workforce and include offering new graduates some tools to improve their market inclusion. The Government has taken several steps in efforts to reduce labor costs such as subsidized work contracts and some VET placements. However, these policies appear to be returning small results as the country continues to report high levels of youth unemployment especially among different social classes. Firstly, they are less effective among young migrants facing disconnection with the labor market due to the job-centered, average, unemployment rate of the French economy that is 4% higher than for non-migrant workers. In addition, there is also a gender gap that is prevalent among the younger population.
India
The youth unemployment rate was around 10 percent in 2005, but they have not reported statistics to the UN for years. However, there is an increase in young adults who are still in school and getting an additional degree because there is no opportunity to work. These youths are usually from the lower classes, but can represent different individuals in different races and classes. They call timepass a phenomenon because youth only spend time in college while waiting for paid employment opportunities. In India, work systems depend on connections or government opportunities.
Italy
Inside the Euro Zone, only Greece and Spain show a higher youth unemployment rate than Italy. Similar to Spain, the percentage of people aged 15-24 who were excluded from the labor market experienced a dramatic increase after the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Between 2008 and 2014, youth unemployment increased by 21.5%. In that year, nearly 43% of youth were excluded from the labor market in Italy. Furthermore, youth unemployment is not evenly distributed across the country. In the third quarter of 2014, only 29.7% of unemployed youth in the North. This number increased to an alarming 51.5% when looking at Southern Italy.
Jordan
There are 15 million young men unemployed in the Arab community. The youth unemployment rate in Jordan is traditionally much higher than in other countries. In the last ten years, that figure has remained about 23 percent. There has been a recent increase in popular belief that unemployment is an individual mistake and not a social problem. However, youth unemployment is also associated with increased pressure on the service sector that normally employs more youth in Jordan. Youth unemployment has led to later marriage and in Jordan, which some views as one of the most important consequences of the phenomenon. Another consequence experienced in Jordan is an increase in mental health problems.
Russian
The youth unemployment in Russia was over 18 percent in 2010. However, there was a wide difference in the unemployment rate in Russia just a few years earlier, which continued until the 2008 economic crisis. In 2005, the area around Moscow had unemployment rates of only 1 percent while the Dagestan region has rates above 22 percent. This may be partly attributed to the different levels of development in the region. It has been found that the higher the rate of development in a region, the lower the overall unemployment rate and the youth-specific. In Russia, the main cause of youth unemployment has been linked to lower levels of human capital.
South Africa
Beginning in the 1970s, youth unemployment has risen at a stable level in South Africa. Today, South Africa is ranked fourth country with the highest percentage of unemployed youth in the world. In 2014, 52.6 percent of people aged 15-24 years who are actively looking for unemployment jobs. Furthermore, youth unemployment is not evenly distributed across different segments of the population. While unemployment among young whites is 12%, this figure skyrocketed to 70% that interfered with black youth. Perhaps the effect of the rest of the apartheid era has led to work centers that lie farther away from the typical homes of black people compared to the white community. This ongoing discrimination, and unequal backgrounds are one of many reasons for the uneven distribution of unemployment among black and white African youth.
Many unemployed youth have never worked before. The proposed reason for this is that South Africa's social pension program is relatively generous compared to other middle-income countries. Some senior South Africans (mostly applicable to the white population) are paid almost twice as much per capita income. This has caused many unemployed youth to survive their parents' support, thus reducing the incentive to find work. In addition, the reservation wages of many young Africans are very high. About 60% of men and 40% of women have higher reservation wages than they can expect from smaller companies. Some people overestimate their ability to get jobs from competitive, high-paying, and larger-sized companies that remain unemployed. Higher wages from larger companies, in addition to work costs (such as transportation or housing costs), make it almost unfeasible for some youth to accept lower-paying jobs from smaller companies. Thus, many young people in South Africa choose to remain unemployed until they can find work in larger companies. South African youth also face educational problems. Many come out of the school system early. Others face a lack of skills recognition from employers, "even if they have qualifications in areas deemed to be in high demand."
Spanish
In recent decades, youth unemployment issues have generated alarming proportions in Spain. The country was dramatically hit by the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the number of young unemployed skyrocketed during this period. In OECD countries, Spain shows the most significant increase in job losses in 15-24 years. In 2014, 57.9 percent of youth in Spain are unemployed. Failure to implement effective employment policies and increased employment segmentation marked during the economic recession is considered to be the main cause behind such an alarming situation.
United Kingdom
Youth unemployment in the UK is the unemployment rate among young people, usually defined as those aged 18-25. The related concept is graduate unemployment which is the unemployment rate among university graduates. Statistics for June 2010 show that there are 926,000 young people under the age of 25 who are unemployed which is equivalent to the 19.6% unemployment rate among young people. This is the highest youth unemployment rate in 17 years. In November 2011 youth unemployment reached 1.02 million, but dropped to 767,000 in August 2014. The high unemployment rate of youth in Britain has caused some politicians and media commentators to talk about "lost generation".
United States
The general unemployment rate in the United States has increased in the last 5 years, but the youth unemployment rate has jumped by almost 10 percentage points. In 2007, before the most recent recession began, youth unemployment had reached 13 percent. In 2008, this figure has jumped to 18 percent and in 2010 has risen to just under 21 percent. The length of time unemployed youth has expanded too, with many young people in the United States remain unemployed after more than a year of employment. This has led to the creation of a scratched generation, as discussed below. An estimated 9.4 million young people ages 16 to 24 in the United States (12.3 percent) are not employed or in school. In July 2017, approximately 20.9 million young people aged 16 to 24 in the United States (12.3 percent) worked in the United States. The youth unemployment rate was 9.6 percent in July, down 1.9 percentage point from July 2016.
Demographic unemployment among youth in the United States in July 2017, showed that unemployment rates for young men (10.1 percent) and women (9.1 percent) were lower than in the previous summer. July 2017 rates for young white (8.0 percent) and blacks (16.2 percent) declined throughout the year, while rates for Asian youth (9.9 percent) and Hispanics (10.1 percent) showed modest changes.
Greek
The youth unemployment rate in Greece remains one of the highest in the world. According to one source, between 2000 and 2008, youth activity increased from 63 percent to 72 percent. Different sources using a harmonized unemployment definition included a youth unemployment rate of up to 24 years as 24.2% in Greece during 2009. To put this into perspective, the average EU-27 at the time was 18.3%. Youth unemployment increased to 40.1% in May 2011 and then again to about 55% in November 2012.
In addition to youth unemployment (ie those up to 25 years old), Greece also faces severe graduate unemployment from those aged 25-29. In 1998, Greece had the highest unemployment rate of graduates of higher education in the 25-29 year age group. This was due to a lack of demand for highly educated personnel at the time. Low employment trends among those with higher educational qualifications continue today. As recently as 2009, "one in three graduates of higher education, two out of three middle graduates, and one in three mandatory graduates have not found some form of stable employment." This lack of work is thought to have contributed to a feeling of frustration amongst the youth that ultimately led to the 2008 Greek riots.
This high unemployment rate is exacerbated by the failure of trade unions to attract young workers. The GSEE Young Workers Committee revealed in its 2008 presentation that nearly two thirds of young workers did not join their union. Although trade unions such as the GSEE and ADEDY are actively promoting wage increases through collective bargaining and have contributed to higher wages for young workers, the wages of young workers remain much lower than almost all other countries in the EU-15.
Consequences
Missing generations
Unemployed youth are referred to as "lost generations": not only because of lost productivity but also because long-term unemployment directly and indirectly afflicts young people and their families. Unemployment has been said to affect income for about 20 years. Because they are not able to build skills or experience during their first years in the workforce, unemployed youth see a lifetime income decrease when compared to those with permanent jobs or those who are unemployed in adulthood. Lower salaries can last for 20 years after the idle period before individuals start earning competitive income for their peers. The widespread youth unemployment also leads to a socially ostracized generation that pose a risk to poverty. For example, Spain saw an increase in income inequality by 18%.
The lost generation effects have an impact on their families as well. Youth in many countries now live with their parents until their twenties. This contributes to the so-called "full-nest syndrome". In 2008, 46% of 18 to 34 year olds in the EU lived with at least one parent; in most countries, home dwellings are more likely to be unemployed than those who move. In the family, it is common that when a person becomes unemployed, other family members start looking for or getting a job. This is called an additional worker effect. This can sometimes take the form of work in the informal sector when necessary. Along with changes in the life situation of adolescents, the impact of returning to living with parents and the difficulty of finding satisfactory work leads to mental health risks. Being unemployed for long periods of time in youth has been correlated with decreased happiness, job satisfaction and other mental health problems. Unemployed youth also report more isolation from their communities. Youth who do not work or learn do not have the opportunity to learn and improve their skills. They are increasingly marginalized from the labor market and in turn can develop anti-social behavior.
Political unrest and increased public spending
The emergence of political unrest and anti-social behavior in the world has recently been linked to youth unemployment. During 2011, this became a key factor in sparking worldwide protests. In twelve months, four regimes (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen) in the Arab World fell in the wake of protests led by young people. Riots and protests also engulfed a number of European and North American cities (Spain, France, UK between 2008 and 2011 for example). The lack of productive involvement of young people in the wider society, underlined by high unemployment and underemployment, only serves to increase the sense of loss of rights.
Youth unemployment also dramatically increases public spending at a time when the economy is struggling to remain competitive and social benefits increase as the population ages. Youth unemployment has direct costs such as increased allowance payments, lost income tax revenues and wasted capacity. "In the UK, a report by the London School of Economics (LSE), Royal Bank of Scotland and Prince's Trust put the cost of 744,000 unemployed youth at £ 155 million ($ 247m) a week in benefits and lost productivity". Similarly, the economic losses of youth unemployment in Europe are estimated at EUR153 billion or 1.2% of GDP in 2011.
Youth unemployment also has indirect costs, including emigration. Young people leave their country in the hope of finding work elsewhere. This brain drain has caused the competitiveness of the deteriorating countries, especially in Europe.
Lack of innovation
The economic crisis has caused a decline in global competitiveness. "There is a risk of losing talent and skills because a large number of university graduates can not find work and to put their knowledge and abilities in generating innovation and contributing to economic growth." Excluding young people from the labor market means not having the different thoughts, creativity, and innovations they naturally offer. This fresh thinking is necessary for entrepreneurs to cultivate new designs and innovative ideas. Against youth unemployment is key to sustaining a country's economic performance.
Detention and death
A study of 2015 shows that the New York City Summer Worker Program lowered the probability of detention and possible mortality of participants.
Possible solutions
The role of labor market policies and institutions
The role of labor market policies and institutions varies widely from country to country. The following is a brief description of the key proposition just outlined to facilitate access to jobs for young people. First, a more balanced work protection for permanent and temporary workers is needed. This will ensure that young people lacking work experience can prove their skills and skills to transition progressively to routine work. It will also encourage fairer treatment between permanent and temporary workers and helps combat informal employment. This proposition has led to some discussion of flexible contracts to be designed and offered to young people. Second, the discussion focused on the level and distribution of income support provided to unemployed youth. While some countries consider diverting their support from direct financial assistance to apprenticeship funding, others increase their reinforcing support to the more stringent obligations of active search and training. Third, the Government is progressively engaging employers and trainers to create a holistic approach to youth unemployment and provide intensive programs focusing on remedial education, work experience and adult guidance. Some economists argue that a high minimum wage can be a factor that increases youth unemployment. One Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) that the government emphasizes in coping with unemployment is directly helping unemployed people transition to entrepreneurship. Pan-European studies have shown the great success of these programs with regard to job creation and overall wellbeing.
TVET and vocational education
This case has been made in recent years about the need to provide youth technical training to prepare them specifically for a job. TVET and vocational education will help to overcome a skill crisis. Some countries - among them Switzerland, the Netherlands, Singapore, Austria, Norway and Germany - have been very successful in developing vocational education - and have reduced youth unemployment by half the OECD average.
Three main reasons are usually presented for why vocational education should be part of a political program to combat youth unemployment:
- First, case studies show that strong vocational training programs reduce unemployment and increase wages. Numerous state studies have consistently shown an association between the completion of vocational education and a decrease in the probability of unemployment and higher incomes. In countries where enrollment in vocational education in firms is less than 15%, chances are that young people will be unemployed are twice that of countries where registration is more than 15%.
- Second, vocational education enhances employers' productivity. Various studies in different countries have found that higher investment in vocational training is associated with increased productivity.
- Third, vocational education has significant social benefits: vocational education has been linked in studies to improve income equality, greater social inclusion, lower crime rates, and improved health and well-being. To the extent that vocational education reduces unemployment, it also brings wider social benefits associated with higher employment.
Basic skills have also been identified as the key to a successful transition to work. "In OECD countries, PISA results show that almost one in five students do not reach the minimum level of basic skills to function in today's society". On average, 20% of young adults drop out before completing high school level. Vocational education aims at teaching basic skills, as well as providing other options for the general education path with practical work training.
Many countries around the world offer programs to improve youth skills and work skills. One of them is Turkey, which centers on training students with skills that will help them in running their own business, as well as entrepreneurship. Britain and Australia have tried to modernize the internship. It is indeed used to provide youth training in non-traditional jobs. Measures for youth and employment have focused on easing the transition from school or training to work and employment, such as career information, advice and counseling services.
Teaching 21st century skills
The education system plays a central role in the debate over the youth labor market crisis. What has become clear is that there needs to be a big change in what we teach and in the way we teach. One prominent approach by various educators is to shift the teaching from a knowledge-centered teaching to a skill-centered teaching. "To realize the change from exclusive-based content to content-based curriculum and balanced skills, education providers should make it their goal to build a guiding skills framework that allows teachers and professors to see the types of skills and applied content they need to transmit to their students. All educational institutions must work to adopt or create appropriate skills frameworks compatible with the labor market, which are flexible enough for educators to adjust their subject or grade level should act as living documents that can be modified by schools and universities in order according to their community or to accommodate changes in the market. "
Entrepreneurship
When considering the need to drive competitiveness through innovation and creativity, recent studies have advocated entrepreneurship as a viable solution for youth unemployment. With appropriate structures and facilitated administrative processes, young people can create companies as a means of finding and creating new jobs. According to the OECD, Small and Medium Enterprises are the main entrepreneurs today with 33% of jobs created over the last ten years. This shows that big companies no longer represent the main sources of work and that there is a need to prepare young people for an entrepreneurial culture. This alternative is often regarded as a way to empower young people to bring their future into their hands: that means investing in teaching them the leadership and management skills they need to become innovators and entrepreneurs. These skills also include: communication, teamwork, decision making, organizational skills and self-confidence.
The solution reconnects with labor and regulatory markets because many reforms have not yet been implemented to ensure that markets are flexible enough to provide youth incentives to create a company. Tax targets and business incentives are key to supporting young entrepreneurs in creating and increasing their business scale.
Help for youth in transition to the working world
Numerous studies have shown that young people are not sufficiently advised about job-related opportunities, required skills and career paths. Before they leave education, it seems important that they have access to this information to be better prepared for what is expected and what is expected of them. A good quality career guide along with the labor market outlook should help young people make better career choices. Too many young people choose to study a field that leads to little if no work. Governments, entrepreneurs, and coaches must work together to provide a clearer path for young people. Similarly, programs must be developed to better transition young people to the workforce. Here, vocational education and apprenticeship systems show that workplace training and training have a positive effect.
Social media
Awareness has arisen around youth unemployment and it seems clear that cross-sectoral collaboration is needed to address this issue. Policymakers but also entrepreneurs are trying to address the causes listed below. The best practices and key success factors are now identified and discussed in many forums, such as Decent 4 Youth, the initiative of the International Labor Organization. Social entrepreneurs have also invested this field with the creation of new online platforms and applications.
The Internet has been seen as a new world of opportunities for youth unemployment. By using social networks like Facebook, Aboutme, LinkedIn, Twitter, young people are actively building their informal networks. New web apps are being designed today to use this network to better suit job seekers with employers, training volunteers, and other forms of placement or mentoring. The Internet has contributed in redefining traditional forms of communication and young social entrepreneurs are now thinking about designing job applications that are more in line with today's online presence and the use of new technologies. For example, a 1 minute video introduction to send to potential employers is being tested. Serious games to imitate the work world or provide online "smart" coaches are also being developed.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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