The territorial evolution of the British Empire is considered to have started with the basis of the British colonial kingdom at the end of the 16th century. Since then, many regions around the world are under the control of the British Empire or its predecessor countries.
When the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the union of the Kingdom of Scotland with the British Empire, the colonial possession of the last country was passed to a new state. Similarly, when Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 to form the British Empire, control over its colonial property was passed on to the final state. Collectively, these areas are referred to as the United Kingdom. After much of Ireland gained independence in 1922 as the Irish Free State, other areas of the Empire remained under the control of the British Empire.
From 1714 to 1837, the British throne was held by a number of kings who were also rulers of the German state of Hanover. However, this is purely a personal union, with Hanover maintaining his political independence, and is therefore not usually considered to be a part of the British Empire.
The nature of the territory (and communities) governed as part of the United Kingdom varies greatly. In terms of territorial law including those officially under the sovereignty of the king of England (who held the additional title of Emperor (or Empress) of India from 1876 to 1947); various "foreign" territories controlled as protectorates; territories transferred to the British administration under the authority of the League of Nations or the United Nations; and various other areas, such as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a condominium with Egypt. There is no uniform system of government applied to all this.
A number of countries (dominions) in the British Empire gained independence gradually during the early part of the 20th century. Most of the remnants of the Empire were dismantled within twenty years after the end of the Second World War, beginning with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and ended with the surrender of Hong Kong to China in 1997.
Many former territories of the United Kingdom are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Fifteen of these (known, with England, as the 16th Commonwealth kingdom) defend the British king (currently Queen Elizabeth II) as Head of State. The King of England is also the Head of the Commonwealth, but this is a pure symbolic and personal title; members of the Commonwealth (including the Commonwealth) are full sovereign states.
Video Territorial evolution of the British Empire
Pemerintahan
The United Kingdom refers to property, power and dependence under the control of the Crown. In addition to areas formally under the sovereignty of the king of England, various "foreign" territories were dominated as protectorates; territories transferred to the British administration under the authority of the League of Nations or the United Nations; and various other areas, such as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudanese condominium. The administrative nature of the Kingdom changed according to time and place, and there was no uniform system of government in the Empire.
Colony
Colonies are areas intended as permanent settlements, providing land for settlers. The Crown claims absolute sovereignty over them, although they are not officially part of the UK itself. Generally their law is common English law along with whatever UK Parliament Law is also applied to them. Over time, a number of colonies were given "responsible government", making them largely self-regulating.
Crown crown
The Crown Colony is a type of British colonial administration and then the British Empire, whose legislature and administration are controlled by the Crown.
The crown colony is governed by a governor appointed by the king. In the mid-19th century, the governor of the royal government appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. This became the main method for creating and managing colonies. Most of the Crown colonies, especially white settler colonies have bicameral legislatures, comprising an upper house usually called the Legislative council, whose members are appointed and serve the same purpose as the English House of Lords. There are also lower houses that are usually called the Legislative Assembly or the House of Assembly. The lower house is usually selected, but the right to vote is restricted to whites only, usually with property ownership restrictions. Because land ownership is widespread, most white men can vote. The governor also often has an Executive Council that has a similar function to the Cabinet in England but is not accountable to the lower chamber of the colonial. They hold consultative positions, however, and do not serve in the administrative office as the cabinet minister does. The Executive Board member is not necessarily a lower house member but usually a member of the upper house. Then when the white colonies gained a more responsible government within the country, the lower house began to replace (the unelected top) as the colonial assembly, and the Prime Minister's position emerged.
Charter Colon
The Charter Colony is one of three classes of colonial government founded in 17th century British colonies in North America. Within the rented colonies, the King granted the charter to the colonial government establishing the rule in which the colony would be governed and the colonial charter elects their own governor based on the rules laid down in other colonial charter or legislation.
Owned colonies
A number of colonies in the 16th and 17th centuries were given to certain individuals; this is known as a proprietary colony. Exclusive colonies in America are ruled by a Master Owner, who, in power under a royal charter, usually exercises that authority almost as an independent sovereignty. Eventually it was converted to Crown colony.
Chartered Company
A charter company is an association formed by an investor or shareholder for trade, exploration, and colonization purposes. Chartered companies are usually formed, united and legitimized under the royal charter. This document outlines the provisions in which a company can trade, establishes its limits, and describes its rights and responsibilities. The group of investors formed a company to bear and benefit from the exploration of Africa, India, Asia, the Caribbean and North America, under state protection. Some companies such as East India Company control large colonial property (especially in India).
Protectorate and protected status
The Protectorate is an area not annexed formally but where, by agreement, grant or other legitimate means, the Crown has power and jurisdiction. Protectorate is different from "protected country". A protected country is a territory under a foreign ruler who enjoys British protection, whose foreign affairs he controls, but with regard to his internal affairs he does not exercise jurisdiction.
Dominion
Dominion is a semi-independent government nominally under the Crown, which is the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth, beginning in the later part of the 19th century. These areas were previously Crown colonies, and some colonies have been united to form powers such as the South African Union and the Commonwealth of Australia. The status of dominance was formally defined in the 1926 Balfour Declaration, which recognized these countries as "an autonomous Community within the United Kingdom", thus recognizing them as the political equation of England; Statute of Westminster 1931 turned this status into a legal reality, making them essentially an independent member of what was then called the British Commonwealth. Initially, Dominion conducted its own trade policy, some foreign relations were limited and had autonomous armed forces, although the British government claimed and used exclusive powers to declare war. However, after the passing of the Statute of Westminster the language of dependence on the British Empire ceased, where the Crown itself is no longer referred to as the Crown of any place in particular but only as the "Crown". Arthur Berriedale Keith, in his Speech and Document on British Dominion 1918-1931, states that "Dominion is a sovereign international state in the sense that the King in respect of each of his Newfoundlanded domains is a State in the eyes of international law". After that, the countries formerly referred to as "Dominion" became the territory of the Commonwealth where sovereignty reigns no longer as king of England, but as the king of each country in its own right, and is considered equal to England and to each other..
Mandate
Mandate is a form of territory created after the end of the First World War. A number of colonies and protectorates of Germany and Ottoman provinces were held as mandates by the British Empire (Tanganyika, Cameroon England, Togoland, Palestine and Mesopotamia, and its territory in Australia (New Guinea, Nauru) New Zealand (Western Samoa, and South Africa (South West Africa). In theory, these areas were ruled on behalf of the League of Nations for the benefit of their inhabitants. Most were converted to the United Nations Trust Territories in 1946.
English Raj
The British Raj, also called the Indian Empire, was the imperial political structure of the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947, comprising British India (Crown colonies: presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Empire through Viceroy and the Governor-General of India) The Principal State, ruled by the Indian authorities, under the authority of the British Empire through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
Maps Territorial evolution of the British Empire
Current region
Within twenty years of partition and independence in 1947 from British India (regarded as the most important colonial possession), most of the Empire's territory had achieved full independence. Today 14 former colonies (since 2002 known as the Overseas Territories) are still under British rule; the term "colony" is no longer officially used to describe this.
Almost all of Britain's Outer Territory is an island (or group of islands) with a small population; some are in very remote areas of the world. Of the areas with permanent inhabitants, all have at least some level of internal self-government, with Britain retaining responsibility for defense and external relations.
Fourteen British Overseas Territories are:
- Anguilla
- Bermuda
- British Antarctic Region
- British Indian Ocean Region
- British Virgin Islands
- Ã, Cayman Islands
- Falkland Islands
- Gibraltar
- Montserrat
- Pitcairn Islands
- Ã, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
- Saint Helena
- Ascension Island
- Tristan da Cunha
- Ã, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
- Ã, Sovereign Base Area Akrotiri and Dhekelia
- Ã, Turks and Caicos Islands
The three Crown dependencies are:
- Guernsey
- Isle of Man
- Jersey
List
Legend
Color code
Africa
North America
Central America and the Caribbean
-
South America
Asia
Europe
Antarctic Region
(Southern region 60 Â ° S)
Atlantic
(Island in the Atlantic Ocean)
Indian Ocean
(Pulau di Samudera Hindia)
Australasia dan Pasifik
Perjanjian dan Kisah Parlemen, dll.
This is a list of more important treaties, Acts of Parliament, and other legal instruments and events affecting the nature and territorial integrity of the United Kingdom.
See also
- List of topics related to the United Kingdom
- List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom
- Scottish colonization in America
- Impact of colonialism and colonization of Western Europe
- Imperialism
- Colonialism
- Decolonization
References
External links
- Outer Territories of Great Britain
- World Statesman
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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