The Liberty Bell is a symbol of America's independence icon, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Once housed in the Pennsylvania State House church tower (now renamed Independence Hall), the bell is today located at the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly of the London company Lester and Pack (later known as Foundry Bell Whitechapel), and was cast with the words "Proclaiming LIBERTY Throughout the Land for All Population" Bible Reference from the Book of Leviticus (25:10). The first bell cracked when it sounded after his arrival in Philadelphia, and was twice rearranged by local John Pass and John Stow, whose last names appeared in the bell. In the early years, bells were used to summon parliamentarians to legislative sessions and to remind citizens of public meetings and proclamations.
Although no immediate announcement was made about the Second Continental Congress vote for independence, and therefore the bell could not be rung on July 4, 1776, in connection with the ballot, the bell rang on 8 July to mark the reading of the Declaration of Independence. Although there is no contemporary record about the ringing of Liberty Bell, most historians believe it is one of the bells to ring. After American independence was secured, the bell fell into relative obscurity until, in the 1830s, the bell was adopted as a symbol by the abolitionist society, dubbed the "Liberty Bell".
The bell acquired a distinctive major crack some time in the early nineteenth century - a widespread story claiming that it cracked when it rang after the death of Justice John Marshall in 1835. The bell became famous after a short story of 1847 stating that a bellringer aged rang on July 4, 1776, after hearing the voice of the Second Continental Congress for independence. Despite the fact that the bells did not ring for independence on July 4, the story was widely accepted as fact, even by some historians. Beginning in 1885, the City of Philadelphia, which has bells, allowed him to go to various exposition and patriotic encounters. The bell drew a large crowd wherever it went, additional cracks took place and the pieces were removed by souvenir hunters. The last trip took place in 1915, after which the city refused further requests.
After World War II, the city allowed the National Park Service to take over the bells, while retaining ownership. The bell was used as a symbol of freedom during the Cold War and was a popular site for protests in the 1960s. It was moved from an old house in Independence Hall to a nearby glass pavilion at Independence Mall in 1976, and then to the larger Liberty Bell Center adjacent to the pavilion in 2003. The bell has been featured on coins and stamps, and his name and Citra have been many used by the company.
Video Liberty Bell
Pendirian (1751-1753)
The Philadelphia bell has been used to warn the public against statements or civil hazards since the establishment of 1682 cities. The original bell hangs from the tree behind Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) and is said to have been brought to town by its founder, William Penn. In 1751, with a bell tower built at Pennsylvania State House, civil authorities searched for better quality bells, which could be heard at greater distances in the fast-growing city. Isaac Norris, the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly speaker, ordered the colony's London agent Robert Charles to get a "good Bell weighing about two thousand pounds."
We hope and rely on your care and help in this affair and that you will get and pass it on with the first opp o because our worker tells us that it will be easier to hang Bell before they Scaffolds be hit from the Building on where we intend to place it that will not be done 'until the end of the next Summer or early Autumn. Let the bell thrown by the best workers & amp; carefully checked before shipped with the following well-formed words around it. With Order of Povince Assembly [ sic ] from Pensylvania [sic ] for State House in Philada City 1752
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Proclaims Liberty through 'all the Land for all its inhabitants. â € "Levit. XXV. 10.
Maps Liberty Bell
Inscription
Tulisan di lonceng berbunyi:
At that time, "Pensylvania" was an acceptable alternative spelling for "Pennsylvania." The spelling was used by Alexander Hamilton, a graduate of King's College (now Columbia University), in 1787 on the signature page of the Constitution of the United States.
Charles dutifully ordered a bell from Thomas Lester from the London Bellfounding firm of Lester and Pack (later known as Whitechapel Bell Foundry) for the amount of Ã, Â £ 150 13s 8d, (equivalent to Ã, Â £ 21,727.65 today) including deliveries to Philadelphia and insurance. Arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752. Norris wrote to Charles that the bells were in good order, but they had not spoken yet, because they were building hours for the State Building tower. The bell is mounted above a booth to test the sound, and on the first strike of the bell, the bell circle is cracked. This episode will be used for good accountability in later bells; in 1893, former President Benjamin Harrison, speaking as the bell passed by Indianapolis, declared, "The old bell was made in Britain but must be thrown back in America before being called to proclaim the right of self-government and men's equal rights." The Philadelphia authorities tried to return it by ship , but the ruler of the ship that brought it was not able to take him to the ship.
Two local founders, John Pass and John Stow, offer to rearrange the bells. Although they are inexperienced in casting bells, the Pass has headed Mount Holly Iron Foundry in neighboring New Jersey and originated in Malta, which has a tradition of bell casting. Stow, on the other hand, is only four years from his apprenticeship as the founder of brass. At Stow's foundry on Second Street, the bell was broken into small pieces, melted, and thrown into a new bell. The two founders decided that the metal was too fragile, and added bell metal about ten percent, using copper. The bell was ready in March 1753, and Norris reported that the letter (which included the name of the founder and that year) was even more pronounced on the new bell than the old one.
City officials schedule public celebrations with free food and drinks to test the bells. When the bell is struck, it does not break, but the resulting sound is described by one audience like two coal gliding together. Booed by the crowd, Pass and Stow hastily picked up the bell and re-arranged it again. When the fruits of the founder's second renewal were brought out in June 1753, the sound was considered satisfactory, though Norris indicated that he did not personally like it. The bell is suspended in the state tower in the same month.
The reason for the difficulty with the bell is uncertain. The Whitechapel Foundry, still in business today, takes the position that a bell is broken in transit or broken by inexperienced bells, which carefully sends bells that drift to the edge instead of body bells. In 1975, the Museum of Winterthur performed a metal analysis at the bell, and concluded that "a series of errors made in the construction, reconstruction and reconstruction of both Bells resulted in a fragile bell that was barely missed damaged by memos". The museum found a much higher level of tin in the Liberty Bell than at any other Whitechapel bell of that era, and suggested that Whitechapel make mistakes in the alloy, perhaps by using high-grade lead pieces to start melting instead of the usual pure copper. This analysis found that, in the second repetition, instead of adding pure lead to bell metal, Pass and Stow added cheap lead with high lead content, and did not completely mix new metals into the mold. The result is "a very fragile alloy that not only causes Bell to fail in service but makes it easy for early souvenir collectors to drop big trophies from the rim".
Initial days (1754-1846)
Unsatisfied with the bell, Norris instructs Charles to order a second one, and see if Lester and Pack will take back the first bell and credit the metal value on the bill. In 1754, the Assembly decided to keep both bells; newly attached to the tower clock while the old bell, with the voice of the Assembly, devotes "to such Use as this House may later be pointed." Pass and Stow bells are used to call the Assembly. One of the earliest documentations on the use of bells was in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to Catherine Ray dated October 16, 1755: "Adieu.Bell rang, and I had to go between the graves, and speak of Politics. >] "The bell was rung in 1760 to mark George III's accession to the throne. In the early 1760s, the Assembly allowed the local church to use the State House for services and bells to call worshipers, while the church building was under construction. The bell was also used to summon people to public meetings, and in 1772, a group of citizens complained to the Assembly that the bell was too often rung.
Regardless of the growing legend about the Liberty Bell, it did not ring on July 4, 1776 (at least not for any reason related to independence), since no public announcement was made of the Declaration of Independence. When the Declaration was publicly read on July 8, 1776, there was a ringing of bells, and while there was no contemporary record of the ringing of the bell, most authorities agreed that the Liberty Bell was among the bells that rung. However, it is possible that the bell tower condition of the State Building tower prevents the bell from ringing. According to John C. Paige, who wrote the historic study of bells for the National Park Service, "We do not know if the tower is still strong enough to allow the State Building bells to ring today, if that can" Maybe we can think of it. Whether or not it has come to symbolize all the bells throughout the United States proclaiming Independence. "
If the bell is rung, it will most likely be sounded by Andrew McNair, who is both the doorman of the Assembly and Congress, and is responsible for ringing the bell. Since McNair was absent on two unspecified days between April and November, it may be sounded by William Hurry, who succeeded him as a doorman for Congress. The bells were also rung to celebrate the first anniversary of Independence on 4 July 1777.
After Washington's defeat at the Brandywine Battle on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was helpless, and the city was prepared for what was seen as an inevitable British attack. The bells can easily be overhauled into ammunition, and locals fear Liberty Bell and other bells will meet this fate. The bell was rushed down from the tower, and sent by a heavily guarded wagon to the city of Bethlehem. The local wagoneers transport the bells to the German Reformed Church of Zion in Northampton Town, now Allentown, where he waited for the British occupation of Philadelphia under the church floor boards. It was returned to Philadelphia in June 1778, following the departure of England. With State Tower towers in poor condition (the tower was later torn down and then restored), the bell was placed in the shed, and not until 1785 that it was again installed to ring.
Placed on the upper floors of the State House, the bell was rung in the early years of independence on the Fourth of July and on Washington's Birthday, as well as on Election Day to remind voters to hand over their ballot papers. It also calls students at the University of Pennsylvania for their classes at the nearby Philosophical Hall. Until 1799, when the state capital was transferred to Lancaster, he called again to call the MPs into the session. When Pennsylvania, which no longer uses its State House, proposes to tear down and sell the land to build lots, City of Philadelphia buys land, along with the building, including the bell, for $ 70,000, equal to $ 1,009,373 today. In 1828, the town sold the bells of Lester and the second Pack to St. Roman Catholic Church. Augustine, who was burned by anti-Catholic masses at the Philadelphia Nativist Unrest of 1844. The remains of the bells were rearranged; the new bell is now at Villanova University.
It is not certain how the bell was cracked; The damage occurred between 1817 and 1846. The bell was mentioned in a number of newspaper articles during that time; no mention of any cracks could be found until 1846. In fact, in 1837, the bell was described in anti-slavery publications - untracked. In February 1846 the General Ledger reported that the bell was rung on February 23, 1846, in the framework of the celebration of Washington's Birthday (since February 22 falls on Sunday, the celebration takes place the next day), and is also reported that the bell had long been cracked, but had been "disciplined" by having the sides of the cracks being filed. The paper reported that around noon, it was discovered that the ringing caused the crack to be very large, and that "the old Bel Release... now hangs in the tower of the irreparable and forever mute city".
The most common story about the destruction of a bell is that it happened when the bell rang in 1835 the death of the US Supreme Court Justice, John Marshall. The story comes from 1876, when the volunteer curator from Independence Hall, Colonel Frank Etting, announced that he had confirmed the truth of the story. Although there is little evidence to support this view, it has been widely accepted and taught. Other claims about cracks in the bells include damaged stories when receiving Lafayette on his return to the United States in 1824, that it broke announced the endorsement of the British Catholic Help Act of 1829, and that several boys had been invited to ring. bell, and accidentally ruined it. David Kimball, in his book devised for the National Park Service, points out that it is likely to crack around between 1841 and 1845, either on the Fourth of July or on Washington's Birthday.
The Pass and Stow bells were first called "Liberty Bell" in the journal New York Anti-Slavery Society, Anti-Slavery Record . In a 1835 work, "The Liberty Bell", the Philadelphians were sentenced for not doing more for the cause of abolitionists. Two years later, in another work of the community, the journal Liberty shows a bell picture as a front picture, with the words "Stating Liberty". In 1839, Boston's Friends of Liberty, another abolitionist group, entitled Their Journal of The Liberty Bell. That same year, the anti-slavery publication William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator reissued the Boston abolitionist pamphlet containing the poem entitled "The Liberty Bell", noting that, at the time, despite its writing, the bells did not declare freedom to all land residents.
Being a symbol (1847-1865)
Most of the modern image of the bell as a relic of the proclamation of American independence is forged by writer George Lippard. On January 2, 1847, his story "Fourth of July, 1776" appeared in the Saturday Review magazine. The story describes an elderly bellman on July 4, 1776, sitting grimly at the bell, fearing Congress would not have the courage to declare independence. At the most dramatic moment, a boy appeared with instructions for parents: to ring the bell. The story is reprinted widely and is closely linked to the Liberty Bell to the Declaration of Independence in the public mind. The elements of the story are reprinted at the beginning of the Benson J. Lossing's historian The Pictorial Field Guide to the Revolution (published in 1850) as historical facts, and the story is widely repeated for generations after elementary school.
In 1848, with an interest in the bell, the city decided to move it to the Assembly Room (also known as the Declaration Chamber) on the first floor, where the United States Declaration and Constitution had been debated and signed. The city built an ornamental base for bells. The Liberty Bell is displayed on that pedestal for the next quarter century, overcome by eagles (originally carved, then filled). In 1853, President Franklin Pierce visited Philadelphia and the bells, and spoke of bells as a symbol of the American Revolution and American freedom. At the time, the Independence Building was also used as a courthouse, and African-American newspapers pointed to the housing mismatch as a symbol of freedom in the same building where federal judges held a hearing under the Fugitive Slave Act.
In February 1861, the elected President Abraham Lincoln came to the Meeting Room and presented the travel address to his inauguration in Washington DC. In 1865, Lincoln's body was returned to the Assembly Room after his murder to publicly view his body, en route to his funeral in Springfield, Illinois. Due to time constraints, only a fraction of those wishing to pass the coffin were able; the line to see the coffin is never less than 3 miles (4.8 km) long. Nevertheless, between 120,000 and 140,000 people can pass through open crates and then bells, carefully placed on Lincoln's head so the mourner can read the inscription, "To declare the whole land Liberty to all its inhabitants."
Icons of freedom of movement (1866-1947)
In 1876, city officials discussed what role the bell should play in Centennial celebrations held each year. Some wanted to fix it so it could be heard at the Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia, but the idea was not adopted; the bell guard concluded that it was impossible that the metal could be made into a bell that would have a pleasant sound, and that the crack had become part of the bell character. In contrast, a replica weighing 13,000 pounds (5,900 kg) (1,000 pounds for each original country) was cast. The metal used for what is dubbed "Centennial Bell" includes four melted cannons: one used by each side in the American Revolutionary War, and one used by each side in the Civil War. The bell was heard in the grounds of the Exhibition on July 4, 1876, then rearranged to raise the voice, and today is the bell that sticks to the clock in Independence Hall tower. While Liberty Bell does not go to Exposition, many Exposition visitors come to visit it, and the picture is everywhere in the Exhibition venue - lots of souvenirs are sold with pictures or shapes, and the country pavilions contain replica bells made of substances ranging from rock to tobacco. In 1877, the bell was suspended on the ceiling of the Meeting Room by a chain with thirteen links.
Between 1885 and 1915, Liberty Bell made seven trips to various expositions and celebrations. Each time, the bells travel by train, making a large number of stops along the way so that the local people can see it. In 1885, Liberty Bell was widely recognized as a symbol of freedom, and as a valuable relic of Independence, and grew still more famous as a version of Lippard's legend reprinted in history books and schools. In early 1885, the city agreed to let him travel to New Orleans for the World Cotton Centennial exhibition. Large crowds drive bells at each stop. In Biloxi, Mississippi, former President of the United Confederation, Jefferson Davis came to the bell. Davis gave a speech that paid tribute to him, and urged national unity. In 1893, he was sent to the Columbus World Columbus Expo to become a state exhibition center in the Pennsylvania House. On July 4, 1893, in Chicago, the bell was accompanied by the first appearance of The Liberty Bell March, performed by "America's Bandleader", John Philip Sousa. Philadelphia began to calm down with the idea of ​​sending it to other cities when returning from Chicago with new loopholes, and each proposed new trip met with growing opposition. It was also found that the bell's private keeper had cut the small pieces for souvenirs. The town laid the bell inside a box of oak. In 1898, it was taken from a glass case and hung from its yoke again in the hall of Independence Hall tower, a room that would remain its home until the end of 1975. A guard was assigned to prevent souvenir hunters who might tap her. in that case.
By 1909, the bell had made six trips, and not only did the crack get worse, but the souvenir hunter had removed it more than one percent of its weight. When, in 1912, the organizers of the Panama-Pacific International Exposure requested bells for the 1915 exhibition in San Francisco, the city was reluctant to let it travel again. Finally the city decided to leave it because the bell was never to the west of St. Louis, and it was an opportunity to take him to millions of people who might never see him. However, in 1914, fearing that the cracks might extend during the long train journey, the city installed a metal support structure inside a bell, commonly called a "spider." In February 1915, the bell was tapped softly with a wooden hammer to produce a voice that was sent to the fair as a signal to open it, a transmission which also inaugurated a transcontinental telephone service. About five million Americans see the bell on the train journey to the west. It is estimated that nearly two million kiss him at the fair, with countless numbers seeing it. The bells are taken on different routes on the way home; Again, five million saw him on his way home. Since the bell returned to Philadelphia, the bell was only five times out of doors: three times for patriotic celebrations during and after World War I, and twice when the bells occupied new homes in 1976 and 2003. Chicago and San Francisco had gained Attendance after filing a petition signed by hundreds of thousands of children. Chicago tried again, with a petition signed by 3.4 million schoolchildren, for the 1933 Century of Progress Exhibition and New York presented a petition to secure a visit from the bell for the 1939 New York World Expo. Both attempts failed.
In 1924, one of the exterior doors of the Independence Building was replaced with glass, allowing some bell views even when the building was closed. When Congress passed the first state draft of peace in 1940, the first Philadelphians who were asked to serve took their oath of appeal before the Liberty Bell. After the war began, the bell was again a symbol, used to sell war bonds. In the early days of World War II, it was feared that the bells might be in danger from saboteurs or enemy bombings, and city officials considered moving bells to Fort Knox, to be kept with the nation's gold reserves. The idea provoked a storm of protests from all nations, and was abandoned. Officers then consider building an underground metal dome on it that will be on display, and where it can be lowered if necessary. The project was canceled when various studies found that the excavation could damage the foundation of the Independence Building. The bell was again tapped on Hari-H, also in victory on V-E Day and V-J Day.
Park Service Administration (1948-present)
After World War II, and after considerable controversy, Philadelphia City agreed that it would transfer custody of the bells and the Hall of Independence, while retaining ownership, to the federal government. The city will also transfer the various colonial-era buildings it has. Congress agreed to the transfer in 1948, and three years later the Independence National Historical Park was established, incorporating those properties and administered by the National Park Service (NPS or Park Service). The Park Service will be responsible for maintaining and displaying bells. NPS will also manage three blocks north of Independence Hall, which has been condemned by the state, demolished, and developed into a park, Independence Mall.
In the postwar period, the bell became a symbol of freedom used in the Cold War. The bell was chosen for the symbol of a savings deposit campaign in 1950. The purpose of this campaign, as Vice-President Alben Barkley said, is to make the country "so strong that no one can impose our cruel and godless ideology". In 1955, the former inhabitants of the countries behind the Iron Curtain were allowed to knock the bells as a symbol of hope and encouragement for their peers. Foreign officials, such as Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and West Berlin Mayor Ernst Reuter were brought to the bell, and they commented that the bells symbolize the relationship between the United States and their countries. During the 1960s, the bells were the site of several protests, both for the civil rights movement, and by various protesters who supported or opposed the Vietnam War.
Almost from the beginning of stewardship, the Park Service attempted to move the bell from Independence Hall to a structure where it would be easier to maintain bells and accommodate visitors. The first proposal was withdrawn in 1958, following considerable public protests. The Park Service tried again as part of a plan for the 1976 Bicentennial United States. The United States National Parks Advisory Committee proposed in 1969 that the bell was removed from the Independence Building, as it could not accommodate the millions expected to visit Philadelphia for Bicentennial. In 1972, the Park Office announced plans to build a large glass tower for the bell at a new visitor center on South Third Street and Chestnut Street, two blocks east of Independence Hall, at a cost of $ 5 million, but residents again protested the move. In contrast, in 1973, the Park Service proposed to build a smaller glass pavilion for the bells at the northern end of Independence Mall, between the Arches and the Racing Streets. Philadelphia Mayor Frank Rizzo agrees with the idea of ​​a pavilion, but proposes that the pavilion is built across Chestnut Street from Independence Hall, which the country is fearing will destroy the view of historic buildings from the mall area. Rizzo's eyes won, and the bell was moved to a Liberty Bell Pavilion glass, about 200 yards (180 m) from his old home in Independence Hall, when the Bicentennial year began.
During the Bicentennial, members of the American Suspension Club jokingly babbled Whitechapel Bell Foundry with signs "We got the lemon" and "What about the warranty?" Casting told protesters that it would be nice to replace the bells - provided they were returned in their original packaging. In 1958, the foundry (later traded under the name Mears and Stainbank Storing) had offered to rearrange the bell, and was told by the Park Service that neither it nor the public wanted the crack removed. The Foundry was invited, in 1976, to make a replica of the Liberty Bell (known as the Bell Bicentennial), presented to the United States by the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, and placed in the tower formerly designated for Liberty Bell, in the former visitor center of South Third Street.
Liberty Bell Center
In 1995, the Park Service began a preliminary work to redesign the Independence Mall. Architect Venturi, Scott Brown & amp; Partners develop a master plan with two design alternatives. The first proposed a visitor center along the block on the south side of Market Street, which would also be the Liberty Bell spot. This will annoy vista three blocks of malls in Independence Hall, and make the bells just visible from the south, namely Chestnut Street. The second alternative puts a similar visitor center on the north side of Market Street, also annoying vista mall, with bells in a small pavilion on the south side. The urban planner Edmund Bacon, who oversaw the design of the mall in the 1950s, sees the preservation of the Independence Hall vista as important. He made his own plans, including a bell pavilion built just north of Market Street. The public reaction to the possibility of moving Liberty Bell so far from Independence Hall has been very negative. NPS announced that the bell will remain in the block between Chestnut and Market Streets. Other plans are proposed, each with its own strengths and weaknesses, but the purpose of all is to encourage visitors to see more of the historic park than just the Liberty Bell.
The Olin Partnership was hired to create a new master plan for Independence Mall; his team includes architect Bernard Cywinski, who eventually won a limited design competition to design the so-called Liberty Bell Center (LBC). The Cywinski design was inaugurated in early 1999. Significantly larger than the existing pavilion, allowing for exhibition space and interpretive centers, the proposed LBC building will also cover about 15% of the long-destroyed House of President's trail, the "White House" George Washington and John Adams. Archaeologists who excavated LBC's site found the remains of the 1790-1800 executive grand house, which was buried again. The project became highly controversial when it was revealed that the Washington slaves had been placed just meters from the planned main LBC entrance. The Park Service refused to redesign the LBC building, or delay its construction. Initially, the NPS refused to interpret slaves and slave dwellings, but after years of protests by Black activists, agreed. The new facility, which opened several hours after the bell was installed on October 9, 2003, is adjacent to the outline of Washington slave shelters marked on the sidewalk, with interpretive panels explaining the significance of what is found. The GPS address is 526 Market Street.
Inside the LBC, visitors pass a number of exhibits about the bell before reaching Liberty Bell itself. Due to security concerns following an attack on the bells by visitors with a hammer in 2001, the bell was hung with easy-to-reach visitors, who were no longer allowed to touch it, and all the visitors underwent a security check.
Today, Liberty Bell weighs 2,080 pounds (940 kg). The metal is 70% copper and 25% lead, with the rest composed of lead, zinc, arsenic, gold and silver. It depends on what is believed to be the original yoke, made of American elm. While the crack in the bell seemed to end in the abbreviation of "Philad a " in the last line of the inscription, it was only an expanded gap in the 19th century that was put forth in the hope of allowing the bell to continue ringing; cracked the hairline, stretched through the bell to the inside and kept generally true and gradually moved to the top of the bell, through the word "and" in "Pass and Stow," then through the word "the" before the word "Assembly" in the second line of text, and through the letter "rty" in the word "Liberty" in the first line. Crack ends near attachment with yoke.
Professor Constance M. Greiff, in his book tracing the history of Independence National Historical Park, writes of Liberty Bell:
[T] he Liberty Bell is the most respected object in the park, the national icon. Not as beautiful as some of the other things that existed in the Independence Building in those very important days two hundred years ago, and it was irreparably damaged. Maybe that's part of his almost mystical appeal. Like our democracy, it is fragile and imperfect, but has passed through threats, and it has survived.
Inheritance and warnings
In addition to the replicas seen at Independence National Historical Park, early replicas of Liberty Bell included what was called Justice Bell or Women's Liberty Bell, which was commissioned in 1915 by suffragists to advocate for women's suffrage. This bell has the same legend as the Liberty Bell, with two additional words, "uphold justice", words taken from the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States. It also has bells chained to the bell so it can not be heard, symbolizing a woman's inadequacy, lack of voice, to influence political events. The Justice Bell toured extensively to publicize the cause. After the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment (giving the women a vote), Bell Justice was brought to the front of the Independence Building on August 26, 1920, to finally be heard. It remained on the platform before Independence Hall for several months before city officials required to be taken away, and today are at the Washington Memorial Chapel in Valley Forge.
As part of the Liberty Bell Saving Bond drive in 1950, 55 replicas of the Liberty Bell (each for 48 states, the District of Columbia, and the territory) were ordered by the US Treasury and cast in France by Fonderie Paccard. The bells should be displayed and sounded on patriotic occasions. Many of today's bells are located near the state capitol building. Although the Wisconsin bell is now in the state capitol, it was originally located at the base of the State Girls Detention Center. Texas' bell is located inside the Academic Building on Texas A & amp; M University at College Station. Texas bells are presented to the university in recognition of the services of school graduates. Walt Disney World has a replica of Liberty Bell, located at Liberty Square in Magic Kingdom. The replica was thrown from an actual Liberty Bell print in 1989.
Liberty Bell appeared on a commemorative coin in 1926 to mark the nineteenth century of American independence. The first use of coins on the reverse side of the half dollar Franklin dollar, occurred between 1948 and 1963. It also appeared on the design of Bicentennial dollar Eisenhower, which was superimposed on the moon.
At the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1926, the US Post Office issued a warning seal depicting Liberty Bell for the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1926, although this stamp actually depicts a replica bell set up at the entrance to the venue. Liberty Bell was chosen for the theme of postage design because it represents the nation's most representative independence. Since then, Liberty Bell has appeared on several other US stamps, including the first ever seal, issued since 2007.
The Liberty Bell image appears on the current $ 100 record. The picture shifts in color, depending on the angle at which it is held.
The name "Liberty Bell" or "Liberty Belle" is commonly used for commercial purposes, and signifies brands and business names ranging from life insurance companies to Montana escort services. The bell outline hangs over the right field bench at Citizens Bank Park, home of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team, and illuminated whenever one of their players hit a home run. This bell outline replaces one of them at the former Veterans Stadium in Phillies. On April 1, 1996, Taco Bell announced through advertisements and press releases that they had purchased Liberty Bell and changed its name to Liberty Bell Taco. The bells, related ads, will then spend half a year at the company headquarters of Taco Bell in Irvine, California. An angry call flooded the National Heritage Park of Independence, and Park Office officials hastily called for a press conference to deny that the bell had been sold. After a few hours, Taco Bell admitted that it was an April Fool's joke. Despite the protests, sales of taco companies, enchiladas and burritos increased by more than half a million dollars that week.
See also
- The Liberty Bell Memorial Museum, located in Melbourne, Florida
- Liberty Bell Museum, located in Allentown, Pennsylvania
- Liberty Bell Ruby, a massive ruby ​​â € <â €
- Mercury's astronaut Gus Grissom spacecraft flew on July 21, 1961, nicknamed Liberty Bell 7 . The mercury capsule is somewhat bell-shaped, and this one received a painted crack to mimic the original bell. Liberty Bell 7 became the only Mercury capsule that suffered integrity failure.
- Margaret Buechner composed a work for the choir and orchestra, "Liberty Bell," which incorporated a 1959 recording of a bell made by Columbia Records.
- Freedom Bell in Berlin, Germany - was awarded as a gift from Americans to the city of Berlin in 1950 as a symbol of the struggle for independence and against communism in Europe
- The Liberty Belle superhero whose power comes from ringing the bell.
- A double replica of the American Legion Freedom Bell in front of Washington, D.C. Union Station toured the United States on a 1975-76 American Freedom Train.
- The Tsar Bell, an early 18th-century Russian bell that is famous for its enormous size and damaged state
References
Note
Bibliography
External links
- Liberty Bell. Association of Independence Hall
- Liberty Bell Center. Independence National Historical Park. Official website of National Park Service
- The Liberty Bell: From Blurring to Icons, Teaching National Parks Service with Historic Sites (TwHP) lesson plans. Official website of National Park Service
- Liberty Bell Center, National Park Service. Bohlin's website Cywinski Jackson (architect). Retrieved 2010-03-16.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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