Hurricane Danny is the only storm that made landfall in the United States during the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, and the second storm and the fourth tropical storm this season. The system became the earliest tropical or fifth subtropical storm formed in Atlantic seasons in history when it reached tropical cyclone power on July 17, and held that record until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season when Tropical Storm Emily broke the record for several days. Like four tropical or subtropical cyclones in the previous season, Danny has a non-tropical origin, after the valley produces convection that enters the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Danny was guided northeast through the Gulf of Mexico by two high-pressure areas, a rare occurrence in mid-July. After landing on the Gulf Coast, Danny tracks across the southeastern United States and eventually affects the New England section with rain and wind.
Danny is famous for his extreme rainfall, the tornado he produced, and the resulting devastation, causing a total of nine lives and $ 100 million (1997, USD, $ 152 million million USD) in damages. The storm lowered the rainfall record for Alabama, because at least 36.71 inches (932 mm) fell on Dauphin Island. Flooding, power outages and erosion occur in many areas of the Gulf Coast, and rescue should be carried out from flooded streets. The tornado produced by Danny on the East Coast caused a large amount of damage. Of the nine deaths caused by Danny, one occurred off the coast of Alabama, four occurred in Georgia, two occurred in South Carolina, and two occurred in North Carolina.
Video Hurricane Danny (1997)
Riwayat meteorologi
An extensive mid-tropospheric trench in the southeastern United States gave birth to a convection area in the lower Mississippi River Valley on July 13, and drifted south into the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. As it moves into the Gulf of Mexico, a weak and isolated low surface pressure area forms off the coast of Louisiana. Circulation in the system continues to grow, and at first the surface wind and convection are intermittent. On July 16, convection in the rise and set near the center, and oil rigs and surface buoys reported a surface wind of 30 mph (50 km/h). Based on observations, it is estimated that the system evolved into the Tropical Depression Four on July 16 while about 150 miles (240 km) south of the southwest coast of Louisiana.
Depression is slowly set for the next day, when it drifts to the northeast. On July 17, the level of organization and development of convection in rapidly increasing, and depression reinforced into Tropical Storm Danny in the future. From the night of July 17th to July 18th, Danny quickly developed deep convection and tracking features in the pleasant Gulf of Mexico neighborhood, and achieved storm status later on July 18th. Located between two high-pressure systems, Danny continued his unusual July track. to the northeast, and across the eastern Louisiana near the Mississippi River Delta. Small storm, Danny continued to strengthen after reaching coastal waters off the Mississippi on the night of July 18, and reached a peak of 80 mph (130 km/h) in early July 19. However, the storm wind-power is constrained. to eyewall. After stalling near the mouth of Mobile Bay on July 19, Hurricane Danny turned east, and made a final landing near Mullet Point, Alabama that day.
The storm quickly weakened as it continued northward, and degenerated into a tropical depression on July 20. Weak depression moves through Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, maintaining well-defined cloud signatures. Due to the front behind the system, Danny is amazingly reinforced into a tropical storm in North Carolina on 24 July. This rare phenomenon occurs because of interaction with the growing trough and baroclinic zone. Danny enters the Atlantic Ocean, north of the North Carolina-Virginia border, near Virginia Beach. It quickly reaches a secondary peak of 60 miles per hour (100 km/h), and continues quickly toward the northeast toward the Atlantic waters. A powerful upper-level cyclone made Danny north, threatening Massachusetts. It was temporarily halted only 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Nantucket on July 26, switched east to the sea, and became extratropical later in the day. On July 27, the storm was joined by a frontal zone.
Maps Hurricane Danny (1997)
Preparation
The National Hurricane Center issued a cyclone on July 17, when Danny reinforced a tropical storm, for the shores of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. When Danny strengthened into a typhoon on July 18, hours before his landing south of Louisiana and more than a day before landing in Alabama, storm watches were upgraded to a storm warning. The Grand Isle Mayor, Arthur Ballenger, ordered the evacuation of 1,500 inhabitants of the city, a decision taken because of the large number of tourists on the island and preventing anyone unable to leave the island. With a possible 5-foot (1.5 m) storm surge, Danny has the potential to flood the only highway out of the island. Officials are distributing sandbags to residents of St. Petersburg Parish. Bernard to close down flood-prone roads, with officials advising people to leave the area.
Before the arrival of the storm, the governors of Mississippi and Alabama declared a catastrophic emergency, expecting a 9-foot (2.7 m) storm surge and up to 20 inches (500 mm) of rain at the time. Six shelters opened in Mobile County, although few were present. Officials are also considering opening a shelter near casinos and local beaches in Biloxi, Mississippi.
Southeast Massachusetts also has a tropical storm warning issued, hours before a sustained tropical cyclone affects the area and less than 12 hours before the nearest approach to the shoreline.
Impact
As a minor storm, Hurricane Danny only caused damage of $ 100 million (1997, USD, $ 152 million USD 2018). A total of 4 direct and 5 indirect deaths result from Danny's effects.
Gulf Coast
Heavy rain and wind struck many parishes located east of New Orleans. A small radius near the center of the storm has a lot of extreme rainfall, and limits flooding, which can be catastrophic if widespread. The Grand Isle and part of the lower Plaquemines Parish are the hardest hit in Louisiana. In addition, the Grand Isle reports 100mph (160 km/h) winds and 5.2ft (1.6m) storm surges. At New Orleans International Airport, a sustained wind of 28 mph (45 km/h) and a 33 mph (53 km/h) blast was reported on July 19. A gauge reports a water level of 4.85 feet (1.5 m) in Venice. The storm surge is 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9 meters) above the normal average. A Coast Guard helicopter had to evacuate 7 Texans who were on a yacht in the Gulf of Mexico forty miles offshore, because their radio was broken and therefore they did not realize they were sailing into a storm. After being rescued, they were treated for minor injuries at a suburban New Orleans hospital.
At least 10,000 people lost electricity in Louisiana. Subsequently, 130 boats were damaged or drowned in a large marina in Buras, Louisiana, due to a storm surge of more than 4 feet (1.2 m), in a matter of minutes. Both Grand Isle and Grand Terre Island receive erosion on their shores, while many commercial fishing vessels on the Grand Isle are also heavily damaged. About 160 households and 80 companies report damage at the Grand Isle. Parish Jefferson and Plaquemines Parish have $ 1.5 million (1997, USD, $ 2.29 million 2018 USD) and $ 3.5 million (1997 USD, $ 5.34 million $ 2018 USD) total damage each. Significant floods occurred throughout Jefferson Parish, with floods affecting a total of 163 homes and 84 businesses. Meanwhile, in Plaquemines Parish, ten homes and 35 trailers were damaged, with 8 businesses at least partly flooded and 40 commercial fishing vessels also damaged. Lafourche Parish did not suffer significant damage to be reported. Empire and Venice are the most damaged areas in Plaquemines Parish. In the Plaquemines Parish area inside the hurricane protection levee, trees, power grids, roofs, and mobile homes were damaged, in addition to local flooding throughout the parish after about 10 °, rain. In the lower parish of Terrebonne, several highways are flooded, due to storm surges, and several streets are also flooded in St. Peter's parish. Bernard and Orleans, who are outside the hurricane protection barrier. Negligible damage occurs elsewhere in extreme south Louisiana, as Danny is a small tropical cyclone and minimal storms.
Eastern Jackson County has the biggest impact in all of Mississippi. Pascagoula reported a 35 mph (55 km/h) wind blow on July 19. Pascagoula Airport reported 7.87Ã, inches (200 mm) of rain from July 17 to July 19. Some roads and some homes are flooded in Jackson County which is far to the southeast. , in areas of poor drainage system. Mississippi beach has no significant damage according to emergency management officials. An oil rig off the coast of Pascagoula was torn from its moorings and collided with a tank that spilled 500 gallons (1,892 liters) of fuel into the Bayou Casotte stream.
At the end of July 19, the American Red Cross provided shelter for over 2,000 people in Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.
The amount of extreme rainfall produced in Alabama. Dauphin Island has the highest rainfall, 37.75 inches (959 mm) reported by HPC. The Dauphin Island Marine Lab recorded 36.71 inches (932 mm) of rain, but not all rain may be recorded in a rain gauge at this location, so the chances of rainfall may have been underestimated. Estimated Doppler weather radar shows that around 43Ã,¼ (1,090 mm) of rain descended off the coast of Dauphin Island. More than 6.5 feet (1.98 m) storm surge occurred outside Highway 182, halfway between Gulf Shores and Fort Morgan, in addition to rainfall. Incredibly, when a storm stops off the coast of Alabama, the prevailing north wind forces water out of Mobile Bay, causing tides to be two feet (0.61 m) below normal. Observers note that, if the river channel is not fixed, it would be possible to walk across the bay unimpeded by water. In addition, a four-storey condominium project under construction in Gulf Shores falls due to strong winds. In addition, three tornadoes occur in Alabama, one in Orange Beach, the other in Opelika, while others occur in Alabama Port. There are several other tornadoes that also cause minor damage.
Despite its impact in the northern Gulf of Mexico, only one person was killed directly from the storm there; a man drowns on the beach when he falls from his sailboat near Fort Morgan, Alabama. One indirect victim also occurred in the area, when a man suffered a heart attack while trying to secure a boat off the coast of Alabama during a storm. Many roads become flooded and can not be skipped for several days, south and along I-10 in Mobile, South and Central Choctaw, and Baldwin counties. Along the Fowl and Fish rivers, in Mobile and Baldwin respective districts, significant damage to homes occurs due to flooding. Most of the avenues on Dauphin Island are flooded with one foot of water. Some homes almost fell into Mobile Bay, and one house had to be moved backwards to the ground to prevent its destruction. At the height of a storm in Alabama, at least 44,000 people are without electricity in Mobile and Baldwin County. In the rural area of ​​Choctaw County, north of Mobile, several families were rescued from stagnant waterways and trapped cars. The majority of homes and businesses on Dauphin Island and buildings from the west coast of Mobile Bay, and from Fort Morgan east to Orange Beach, suffered roof damage. $ 60.5 million (1997Ã, USD, $ 92.2 million â,¬ 2018 USD) in total property damage occurred in Alabama, in addition to pecan and pine tree damage at a cost of $ 2.5 million (1997Ã,Â, USD, $ 3, 81 million â,¬ 2018Ã, â,¬).
East Coast
In the state of Florida, some crop damage occurred in Escambia County. Otherwise, very little damage is generated from a storm in northwest Florida. The area of ​​Panama City, Florida has several small freshwater floods. A race in the NASCAR All Pro series at Five Flags Speedway in Pensacola, Florida scheduled to be held on July 19, was postponed until 13 September 1997 due to Hurricane Danny. By the time Danny reached Georgia and Carolina, his potential impact had weakened, though still managed to produce 8-12 inches (200-300Ã,Âμm) of rain as rain drifted through the western part of the state. In Augusta, Georgia, fourteen South Carolina National Guards were struck by lightning, one of whom had to be hospitalized in intensive care and six others hospitalized and later released. Four indirect deaths occurred from traffic accidents during a storm attack in Georgia. A severe South Carolina lightning cell produced five untouched tornadoes, one of which killed a woman in her ruined duplex as it passed Lexington County. A 200-yard tornado (200 m) long and 4 miles (6 km) long, located on the ground for 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Gaston, South Carolina, caused $ 942,000 (1997 USD, $ 1.44 million â, ¬ 2018 USD) in damages, killed one person, injured six people, and destroyed 13 dwellings, with many other damages. Several tornadoes and tornadoes were found in Virginia; most of them happening in Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Hampton. Tornado F1 with a width of 50 yards and a length of 1 mile (1.6 km), touches 1 mile (1.6 km) in Portsmouth, causing $ 400,000 (1997, USD, $ 610, thousand 2018 USD) in damages. It destroyed the car wash and damaged 7 other buildings, all but one of which was business, and also flipped the semi-trailer truck. Rainfall in Fayetteville is measured 2.85 inches (72 mm), while the remaining Mid-Atlantic states receive about 3 inches (76 mm) of rain.
Heavy rains caused two people to drown in Charlotte. A girl drowns after being swept into the river, and a woman drowns in her car. Also in North Carolina, the tropical rain associated with Danny caused the CSX train to shift from its bridge to Little Sugar Creek, spilling about 2,500 gallons (9,500 liters) of diesel and thus forcing the construction of the nearest public housing to be evacuated. Continuous tropical cyclone forces affect Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket Island, and Cape Cod section, alongside the coastal waters of Buzzards Bay entrances to the south and east of Cape Cod. Only minor damage occurred, despite the strong winds, which were experienced mainly in south-east Massachusetts. Minor damage including local flooding, power cuts, cutting down tree limbs, and missing boats. The ferry service suspension to Nantucket Island occurred for most of July 25, with a shorter delay taking place on service to Martha's Vineyard. No significant coastal floods affected the area, although a storm shelter opened on Nantucket Island to host a group of Scouts camped there. Danny is the fifth tropical cyclone that influenced Southern New England in the 20th century during July.
Aftermath and recording
Debris remained in Alabama's inland waters until at least August 12, 1997. Endangered or endangered turtles live in these waters and are threatened by debris. A special turtle exclusion device, known as TED, or special nets that allow turtles to escape, is needed before Danny trawls the shrimp. Director of the Marine Resource Division of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources said that "there are so many pieces that cause tremendous difficulty with performance (TED) in these areas." Therefore, the US Environmental Protection Agency allows alternatives to TED, with shorter withdrawal times with a maximum seasonal limit of 55 minutes from 1 April to 31 October, and a maximum of 75 minutes from November 1 to March 31. By making shorter crane counts the required alternative, the EPA is intended to minimize sea turtle casualties as a result of the trawlers being allowed to remove TEDs.
One of the three wolves who escaped from the zoo in Gulf Shores, Alabama during Hurricane Danny was discovered in November of the end of the year, after seasonal conditions meant less tourists and therefore less food in Gulf State Park where the wolf lives. One of the other wolves has been recaptured, while the others have been shot and killed.
Some cotton plants in the Southeastern United States receive the required rain from Danny, while others are harmed, because 100,000 acres of cotton fields in Alabama are too severely damaged for their crops to be saved. The Danny effect caused oil refinery production in the Gulf Coast to decline and thus contributed to the increase in gas prices in the months after Danny across the United States. Severe drought has occurred in the Mid-Atlantic region during July. The high rainfall caused by Danny helps alleviate the dry conditions in parts of the Middle Atlantic, but not enough to stop the droughts developing further in most areas from northern Virginia to southern New England.
The very close proximity of Hurricane Danny's eye from the Doppler radar station in Mobile, Alabama and a slow landing during the day led to further studies by meteorologists. Proximity to the ground allows for measurements at a level closer to the surface than is possible for stormy reconnaissance aircraft to reach, with slow landing allowing for more extended observations. One conclusion from this study included the need to sample more spy boundaries to establish better forecasts of surface wind levels and overall intensity of storms. Another conclusion is that while the slow movement of Danny positioned it above the tidal estuary that limits the Gulf, maintaining or increasing strength is possible because eyewall convection remains above the waters with high sea-level temperatures and other environmental conditions remain favorable.
The storm dropped 36.71 inches (932 mm) of rain on Dauphin Island, setting a new record for the most tropical or subtropical cyclone rain in Alabama state, and is one of the largest in the United States. The storm also became the earliest 5th tropical or subtropical storm of a season when it reached the strength of a tropical storm on July 17. The record was damaged during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season when Hurricane Emily first achieved tropical cyclone status on July 12, just five days earlier..
See also
- Another storm of the same name
- New England hurricane list
- New Jersey hurricane list
- List of Delaware storms
- List of the wettest tropical cyclones in Alabama
- North Carolina cyclone list (1980-1999)
- Hurricane Hermine - A storm of the same intensity and path in 2016
References
External links
- Danny HPC rain report
- HPC tropical cyclone rain is maximum by country
- Hurricane Danny
- Danny's remains grow a tornado storm
- Northern Effects
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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