Hyderabad State ( Ã, pronunciation Ã, ) is an Indian prince country located in the south-central region of India with its capital in Hyderabad city. Now it is divided into Telangana state, Hyderabad-Karnataka region in Karnataka and Marathwada region in Maharashtra. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the hereditary Nizam who was originally the Mughal governor of the Deccan before becoming independent. Hyderabad gradually became the first prince country to come under British rule to sign a subsidiary alliance agreement. After the Separation of India, Hyderabad signed a silent agreement with India's new powers, continuing all previous arrangements except for the deployment of Indian troops in the state. However, with the rise of militant raids, India felt the need to deploy Indian troops and invade the country in September 1948 to force Nizam. Subsequently, Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.
Video Hyderabad State
Histori
Sejarah awal
The State of Hyderabad was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who was the governor of the Deccan under Mughal from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he again reigned in power with the title of Asaf Jah. His other title, Nizam ul-Mulk (Real Order), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". At the end of his reign, Nizam had become independent of the Mughal, and established the Asaf Jahi dynasty.
Following the decline of Mughal rule, the Deccan region saw the emergence of the Maratha Empire. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by Maratha in the 1720s, which resulted in Nizam paying the regular tax ( Chauth ) to Maratha. The great battles that took place between Maratha and Nizam included the Palkheds, Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda, where all Nizam lost. After the Deccan conquest by Bajirao I and the imposition of chauth by him, Nizam remained a tributary of Marathas for all intents and purposes.
From 1778, the population and the British army were installed in its territory. In 1795, Nizam lost some of his own territory to Maratha. Nizam's territorial gains from Mysore as British allies were handed over to England to meet the cost of maintaining the British army.
British Certainty
Hyderabad is an area of ​​212,000 km² in the Deccan, ruled by the head of the Asif Jahi dynasty, which has the title of Nizam and who was awarded the "Greatness" by the British. The last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, was one of the richest men in the world in the 1930s. Nizam Muslim Hyderabad controls most of the Hindu population.
In 1798, Nizam ?? Khan (Nizam Ali Khan Nizam-ul-Mulk (Asaf Jah II)) was forced to enter into an agreement that placed Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. As a result, Hyderabad is the highest honor country (23-weapons) during the period of British India. The Crown retains the right to intervene in case of misrule.
Hyderabad under Nizam Ali Khan (Asif Jah II) was a British ally in the second and third Maratha Wars (1803-05, 1817-19), and remained true to England during the Indian Revolt of 1857 (1857-58).
The Nizam M? R Us? M? N ?? l? (Ruled 1911-48) was given the English title. Hyderabad is considered backward, but peaceful, all along. After Indian Independence (1947-48)
In 1947 India gained independence and Pakistan became available; The British abandoned the local rulers of the prince declaring the choice whether to join one or the other, or remain independent. On June 11, 1947, Nizam issued a declaration stating that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan or India. India insists that the majority of the population wants to join India.
Nizam is in a weak position with only 24,000 troops, of whom only 6,000 are trained and equipped.
On August 21, 1948, the Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs of Hyderabad requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35 (2) of the Charter of the United Nations, to consider "major disputes, which, unless settled in accordance with international law and justice, is likely to jeopardize the maintenance of international peace and security. "
On September 4, Hyderabad Prime Minister Mir Laiq Ali announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation would leave for Lake Success, led by Moin Nawaz Jung. Nizam also appealed, without result, to the British Labor Government and to the King for assistance, to fulfill their obligations and promises to Hyderabad with "immediate intervention". Hyderabad has only the support of Winston Churchill and the British Conservatives.
At 4 am on September 13, 1948, the Indian Hyderabad Campaign, codenamed "Operation Polo" by the Indian Army, began. Indian forces invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On September 13, 1948, Hyderabad Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs in a cable told the UN Security Council that Hyderabad was being attacked by Indian troops and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council noticed it on September 16 in Paris. Representatives from Hyderabad call for immediate action by the Security Council under chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. The Hyderabad representative responded to Indian reasons for the intervention by showing that the Tidy Agreement between the two countries had clearly stated that nothing in it should give India the right to send troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.
At 5pm on September 17, Nizam surrendered. India then incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the Indian Association and terminated the power of Nizams.
On October 6, 1948, Pakistani Foreign Minister Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan called on the President of the UN Security Council to allow Pakistan to participate in discussions about the Hyderabad question in accordance with Article 31 of the UN Charter.
1948-56
After the incorporation of the State of Hyderabad into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed Head of State Minister on January 26, 1950. He was a Civil Servant of the Government of India. He runs the country with the help of bureaucrats from the states of Madras and the state of Bombay.
In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected as Chief Minister of the State of Hyderabad. During this time there was a violent upheaval by some of Telangan's men to send back bureaucrats from the Madras state, and to strictly enforce the 'rule-of-law' (local employment for local residents only), which is part of Hyderabad's state law since 1919.
Dissolution
In 1956 during the Reorganization of Indian States based on linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split between Andhra Pradesh, the state of Bombay (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original part of Hyderabad being part of the state). Maharashtra) and Karnataka.
Maps Hyderabad State
Government and politics
Government
Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad is an area where the political and social structure of medieval Muslim rule has been preserved more or less intact into modern times. At the head of the social order is Nizam, who has 5 million acres (10% of the land area) of the state, earns him Rs. 25 million a year. Rs other. 5 million given to him from the state treasury. He is known as the richest man in the world. He is supported by nobles of 1,100 feudal lords who have 30% more than the state land, with about 4 million tenant farmers. The state also has 50% or more of capital in all major companies, allowing Nizam to gain further profits and control their affairs. All of this is almost 100% Muslim.
Furthermore in the social structure is the administrative and official class, which consists of about 1,500 officials, who are also mainly Muslims. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. Lower-level government officials are also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, Muslims in Hyderabad represent the 'upper caste' of the social structure. They dominate the vast Hindu population of the country, who hate their dominance.
All power is held at Nizam. He ruled with the help of the Executive Board or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members were free to be appointed and dismissed. The Prime Minister is generally a Muslim, often from outside the state. There is also the Assembly, which is largely an advisory role. More than half of its members are appointed by Nizam and the rest is selected from the franchise with limited caution. There are representatives of Hindus, Parsis, Christians, and the Depressed Class in the Assembly. But their influence is limited because of their small numbers.
The state government also has a large number of outsiders (called non-mules ) - 46,800 of them in 1933, including all members of the Nizam Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims unite to protest the practices that usurp the work of the local government. But the movement failed after Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which did not appeal to Muslim members and led to their resignation.
Political movements
Until 1920, there was no political organization in Hyderabad. That year, following British pressure, Nizam issued a word that appointed a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It was greeted enthusiastically by some residents, who formed the Hyderabad State Reform Association. However, Nizam and the Special Officers ignored all their requests for consultation. Meanwhile, Nizam banned the Khilafat movement in the State as well as all political encounters and the entry of "outsiders." Nevertheless, some political activity took place and witnessed cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the Non-cooperation movement in British India ended the period of this cooperation.
An organization called Andhra Jana Sangham (later renamed Andhra Mahasabha ) was formed in November 1921, and focused on educating the Telangana masses in political consciousness. With prominent members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, his activities include urging merchants to refuse to offer free goods to government officials and encourage workers to reject the system of begar (free labor is required on state orders ). Fearful of his activities, Nizam issued a powerful choking order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organization persisted by mobilizing social issues such as protection of ryots, women's rights, the abolition of devadasi systems and purdah, uplifting Dalits, etc. This turned to politics again in 1937, passing a resolution. calling for a responsible government. Soon afterwards, it is divided along a moderate-extremist line. Andhra Mahasabha's step towards politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, causing
Arya Samaj, a pan-India Hindu reformist movement involved in a powerful religious conversion program, established itself in the state in the 1890s, first in Bhir and Bidar districts. In 1923, he opened a branch in the city of Hyderabad. His mass conversion program in 1924 brought tension, and the first clash between Hindus and Muslims. Arya Samaj is allied with Hindu Mahasabha, another Hindu pan-Indian communist organization, which also has branches in the state. The anti-Muslim sentiments represented by both organizations are very strong in Marathwada.
In 1927, the first Muslim political organization, Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimin (Council of Islamic Unity, Ittehad for short) was formed. His political activity was very slight during the early decades apart from stating the purpose of uniting Muslims and expressing loyalty to the authorities. However, it serves as a 'watchdog' of Muslim interests and defends the privileged position of Muslims in government and administration.
1938 Satyagraha
1937 was a decisive year in the Indian independence movement. The Indian Government Act, 1935 introduced major constitutional reforms, with loose federal structures for India and provincial autonomy. In the February 1937 provincial elections, the Indian National Congress emerged with a clear majority in most Indian provinces and formed a provincial government.
On the other hand, there was no step towards constitutional reform in the state of Hyderabad despite its preliminary announcement in 1920. Andhra Mahasabha passed a resolution supporting the responsible government and parallel organizations Maharastrha Parishad and Karnataka Parishad formed in their respective regions. Nizam appointed the new Constitutional Reform Committee in September 1937. However, the 1920 gagging order remained restricted to press freedom and restrictions on public speech and meetings. In response, a 'Hyderabad People's Convention' was created, with a working committee of 23 Hindu and 5 Muslim leaders. The Convention ratified the report, submitted to the Constitutional Reform Committee in January 1938. However, four of the five Muslim members of the working committee refused to sign the report, reducing its potential impact.
In February 1938, the Indian National Congress passed a Haripura resolution stating that princely states are "an integral part of India," and that it stands for "equal political, social and economic freedom in the United States as in all of India." this, the permanent committee of the People's Convention proposes to establish the Congress of the State of Hyderabad and an enthusiastic encouragement to register members begun. In July 1938, the committee claimed to have registered 1,200 key members and declared that elections would soon be held for office workers. He called on both Hindus and Muslim countries to "unleash mistrust together" and join the "responsible cause of the government under the aegis of the Ashaf Jahi dynasty." Nizam responded by passing a new Public Safety Act on September 6, 1938, three days before the scheduled election, and issued an order that the Hyderabad State Congress be considered unlawful.
Negotiations with Nizam's government to lift the ban ended in failure. The problem of Hyderabad is widely discussed in newspapers in British India. P. M. Bapat, a leader of the Indian National Congress from Pune, stated that he will launch satyagraha (civil disobedience movement) in Hyderbad from 1 November. Arya Samaj and Hindu Mahasabha also plan to launch satyagrahas on the issue of Hindu civil rights. The Hindu communal pot has been boiling since early 1938 when an Arya Samaj member in Osmanabad district was said to have been killed for refusing to convert to Islam. In April, there was a communal riot in Hyderabad between Hindus and Muslims, raising allegations of 'Hindu persecution' in the press in British India. The leaders of Arya Samaj hope to capitalize on this tension. Perhaps in an effort not to lose, activists from the Hyderabad State Congress formed the 'Action Committee' and started satyagraha on October 24, 1938. Members of the organization were released, publicly declaring that they were members of the Hyderabad State Congress. and catch a reproach. The Arya Samaj-Hindu Mahasabha incorporates also launched their own satyagraha on the same day.
The Indian National Congress refused to support satyagraha from the State Congress. The Resolution of Haripura is actually a compromise between moderates and radicals. Gandhi has been wary of direct engagement in the states if agitation turns violent. The High Command of Congress is also interested in a stronger collaboration between Hindus and Muslims, which the State Congress does not have. Padmaja Naidu wrote a long report for Gandhi in which he rebuked the State Congress for lack of unity and cohesion and for being 'communal in the sense of the word'. On December 24, the State Congress suspended the jitters after 300 activists made the arrests. The activist remained in prison until 1946.
The Arya Samaj-Hindu Mahasabha incorporated their continued agitation and intensified it in March 1949. However, the response from the Hindu state was lackluster. Of the 8,000 activists arrested in June, about 20% are expected to be citizens; the rest are mobilized from British India. The Indian provinces of England around Bombay and the Central Province and, on a limited scale, Madras, are all ruled by the Indian National Congress, facilitating mobilization, with cities such as Ahmednagar, Sholapur, Vijayawada, Pusad and Manmad being used as staging posts. The increasingly shrill anti-Hyderabad propaganda continues in British India. In July-August, the tension began to subside. Hindu Mahasabha sent Shankaracharya from Jyotirmath to a peace mission, which testifies that there is no religious persecution of Hindus in the state. The Nizam government established the Religious Affairs Committee and announced constitutional reforms on July 20. Furthermore, Hindu Mahasabha suspended its campaign on July 30 and Arya Samaj on 8 August. All activists jailed from both organizations were released.
Communal violence
Before operation
In the Indian elections from 1936 to 1937, the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah sought to capitalize on Muslim aspirations, and had won the obedience of MIM leader Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung, who campaigned for the Nizam-centered Islamic State when the Sultan rejected all claims for democracy. Arya Samaj, a Hindu revivalist movement, has demanded greater access to power for the Hindu majority since the late 1930s, and was restrained by Nizam in 1938. The Hyderabad State Congress joins the Arya Samaj and Hindu Mahasabha in the State.
Noorani considers MIM under Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung to be explicitly committed to protecting the rights of religious and linguistic minorities. However, this changed with the rise of Qasim Razvi after Nawab's death in 1944.
Even as India and Hyderabad negotiate, most of the sub-continent has been plagued by chaos due to communal Hindu-Muslim riots waiting for the impending Indian division. Fearing a Hindu civil rebellion in his own kingdom, Nizam allowed Razvi to form a Muslim voluntary militia called 'Razakar'. Razakars - numbering up to 200,000 at the height of the conflict - vow to uphold the dominance of Islam in Hyderabad and the Deccan plateau in the face of growing public opinion among the Hindu majority who support the accession of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.
According to a report by Mohammed Hyder, a civil servant in the Osmanabad district, various armed militant groups, including Razakars and Deendars and Pathan and Arab ethnic militia claimed to defend the faith of Islam and make a claim on land. "From the beginning of 1948, Razakar has expanded its activities from the city of Hyderabad to cities and rural areas, killing Hindus, kidnapping women, robbing houses and fields, and looting non-Muslim objects in a widespread reign of terror." "Several women became victims of rape and kidnapping by Razakars, and thousands of people went to jail and ravaged the atrocities perpetuated by oppressive governments because of the activities of Razakars, thousands of Hindus had to flee the country and take refuge in the camps. The exact number is unknown, but 40,000 refugees have been accepted by the Central Province. This caused terror against the Hindu community, some of which crossed the border into an independent India and organized attacks on Nizam territory, which further increased violence. Many of these robbers are controlled by the leadership of Congress in India and have links with extremist religious elements in Hindutva folds. Overall, more than 150 villages (of which 70 in Indian territory outside the State of Hyderabad) were pushed into violence.
Hyder mediates several attempts to minimize Razakar's influence. Razvi, while generally accepting, vetoed the option to disarm them, saying that with the ineffective Hyderabad state army, Razakars is the only means of self-defense available. At the end of August 1948, a massive invasion by India was imminent.
Nehru is reluctant to invade, fearful of a military response by Pakistan. India is unaware that Pakistan has no plans to use weapons in Hyderabad, unlike Kashmir in which it recognizes its troops are present. Time magazine points out that if India invaded Hyderabad, Razakars would slaughter Hindus, which would lead to the massacre of Muslims across India.
During and after operation
There are reports of looting, mass murder and Muslim rape in retaliation by Hindus and Indians. Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a mixed religious committee headed by Pandit Sunder Lal to investigate the situation. The report findings ( Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report ) are not published until 2013 when accessed from the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi.
The Committee concluded that while the Muslim villagers were stripped by the Indian Army, Hindus were often left with their weapons. The violence was perpetrated by Hindu inhabitants, with sometimes indifferent soldiers, and occasionally participating in atrocities. The Committee stated that large-scale violence against Muslims occurred in the Marathwada and Telangana regions. Also concluded: "In some places, members of the armed forces carry out Muslim adult men from villages and towns and slaughter them in cold blood." The committee generally praised military officers with good behavior but stated that the army acted because of bigotry. The official "very conservative" estimate is 27,000 to 40,000 people killed "during and after police action." Other scholars have placed the numbers at 200,000, or even higher. Among Muslims, some estimates are even higher and Smith says that the low estimate of private military government [Muslim casualties] is at least ten times the number of killings officially charged by Razaker. In William Dalrymple's words, the scale of the murder was horrible. Although Nehru played down this violence, he was personally alert to the scale of anti-Muslim violence.
Patel reacted angrily to the report and did not concede his conclusions. He stated that the reference frame is flawed because it only covers parts during and after the operation. He also wasted the motivation and founding of the committee. This objection was regarded by Noorani as dishonest because the commission was official, and that was also critical of Razakar.
According to Mohammed Hyder, the tragic consequences of Indian operations are largely preventable. He blamed the Indian army by not restoring local government, or establishing their own military rule. As a result, anarchy caused several thousand "criminals", from camps set up across the border, filling the void. He declared, "Thousands of families broke up, children separated from their parents and wives, from their husbands, women and girls hunted and raped." The Committee's report mentions the mass rape of Muslim women by Indian troops.
According to communist leader Puccalapalli Sundarayya, Hindu villagers rescued thousands of Muslim families from rape and murder campaigns by the Union Armed Forces.
Administration
Hyderabad State District
Administratively, the State of Hyderabad consists of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:
- The Aurangabad Division includes the districts of Aurangabad, Beed, Nanded, and Parbhani;
- Gulbarga Division includes Bidar District, Gulbarga, Osmanabad, and Raichur District;
- Gulshanabad Division or Division of Medak includes Atraf-i-Baldah (Hyderabad), Mahbubnagar district, Medak district, Nalgonda district (Nalgundah), and Nizamabad district, and
- The Warangal division includes Adilabad, Karimnagar and Warangal districts (now Khammam district is part of the warangal district).
Chief Minister of Hyderabad State
The State of Hyderabad has its last Nizam, HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan (1886-d.1967) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956. The new state (part of Indian unity) includes nine Telugu districts in Telangana, four Kannada districts in the division Gulbarga and four Marathi districts in the Aurangabad division.
Industry in Hyderabad State
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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