Chennai, formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is the fourth largest city in India. It is located on Coromandel Beach in the Bay of Bengal. With an estimated population of 8.9 million (2014), the 400-year-old city is the 31st largest metropolitan area in the world.
Chennai boasts a long history of the British East India Company, through British rule to its evolution by the end of the 20th century as a service and manufacturing center for India. In addition, the pre-city area of ​​Chennai has a long history in the record of the South Indian Empire.
Video History of Chennai
Ancient region of South India
Chennai, originally known as "Mudhiras", is located in Tondaimandalam province, an area located between the Pennar Nellore river and the Pennar river in Cuddalore. The provincial capital is Kancheepuram. Tondaimandalam was ruled in the 2nd century by Tondaiman Ilam Tiraiyan, who is a representative of the Chola family in Kanchipuram. It is believed that Ilam Tiraiyan must have conquered mudhiras, the native inhabitants of the territory and established its power over Tondaimandalam. The modern city of "Chennai" emerges from the English settlement of Fort St. George and his subsequent expansion through the merging of many indigenous villages and European settlements around Fort St. George to the city of Madras. While most of the original cities of Madras were built and inhabited by Europeans, the surrounding areas were later included including the original temples of Thiruvanmiyur, Thiruvotriyur, Thiruvallikeni (Triplicane), Thirumayilai (Mylapore) which have existed for over 1000 years. Thiruvanmiyur, Thiruvotriyur and Thirumayilai are mentioned in Thevarams of the Moovar (from Nayanmars) while Thiruvallikeni is in Nalayira Divya Prabhandhams (from Alwars).
Chola and Pallava era
After Ilam Tiraiyan, the area was ruled by Prince Chola Ilam Killi. The occupation of Chola Tondaimandalam was ended by Andhra Satavahana's attack from the north under their King Pulumayi II. They appointed the chief to guard the Kanchipuram area. The Bappaswami, considered the ruler of Kanchipuram, was himself a tribal chief (tractate around) in Kanchipuram under the Satavahana kingdom at the beginning of the 3rd century. Pallavas, so far only viceroy, then became independent ruler of Kanchipuram and the surrounding area.
Pallavas held power over this region from the beginning of the 3rd century to the closing years of the ninth century, except for the interval of several decades when the area was under Kalabhras. Pallavas was defeated by Chola under Aditya I around 879 and the territory was brought under Chola rule. The Pandyas under Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan rose to power and the territory was brought under the rule of Pandya by ending Chola supremacy in 1264.
Maps History of Chennai
Setting city history
Under Vijayanagara Dynasty Nayaks
The city of Chennai currently begins as a British settlement known as Fort St. George. The area then became part of the Vijayanagara Empire, then headquartered in Chandragiri in Andhra Pradesh today. The rulers of Vijayanagar who controlled the area, appointed the chief of the tribe known as Nayaks who ruled over the various regions of the province almost independently. This area is under the control of Damerla Venkatadri Nayakudu, a Padma Velama Nayak chieftain of Srikalahasti and Vandavasi. He was also an influential Nayak ruler under King Vijayanagara Peda Venkata Raya who was later based in Chandragiri-Vellore Fort, in charge of the current city of Chennai when the British East India Company arrived to set up a factory in the area.
Obtain Land Grant
On August 20, 1639, Francis Day of the East India Company along with Damerla Venkatadri Nayak went to Chandragiri's palace to meet King Vijayanagara Peda Venkata Raya and get a grant for a small strip of land at Coromandel Beach from Chandragiri as a place to build a factory and a warehouse for activities trade them. It came from the domain of Damarla Venkatadri Nayaks, on 22 August 1639, a plot of land situated between the Cooum river almost at that point entered the sea and another river known as the Egmore river was granted to the East India Company after the deed of the emperor Vijaynagara.
In this garbage was founded Fort St. George, a settlement enriched with British merchants, factory workers, and other colonial settlers. After this settlement, the British expanded their colonies to include a number of other European communities, new UK settlements, and various indigenous villages, one of them named Mudhirasa pattanam. This is to honor the later villages where the British were named throughout the colony and the combined city of Madras. Controversially, in an attempt to revise the history and justify the renaming of the city as Chennai, the ruling party has cleared the history of the early Madras settlement of Britain. According to the history of the new party, instead of being named Madras, it was named Chennai, after a village called Chennapattanam, in honor of Damerla Chennappa mudirasa Nayaka, the father of Damerla Venkat mudirasa Nayaka, who ruled the entire coastal state from Pulicat in the north to the Portuguese settlement of Santhome.
However, it is widely noted that while the official center of the settlement was designated Fort St. George, England used the name Madras to the new big city that grows around the Citadel including the "White City" which mainly consists of the British. settlers, and "Black Cities" composed of mainly Catholic Europeans and minority Indian allies. Thiruvotriyur is a historically important port city, now part of northern chennai. vayiratharayan from Virukanbakkam aka Chenninallur.
Early European settlers
Modern Chennai has its origins as a colonial city and its initial growth was strongly related to its importance as an artificial harbor and a trading center. When the Portuguese arrived in 1522, they built the harbor and named it SÃÆ'Â £ o TomÃÆ'Â ©, after the Christian apostle St. Thomas, believed to have preached there between the years 52 and 70. The territory was then forwarded to the hands of the Dutch, who stationed themselves near Pulicat just north of the city in 1612. Both groups sought to grow their colonial population and even though their population reached 10,000 when Britain arrived, their numbers remained far short of the local Indian population.
Arrival in English
In 1612, the Dutch built themselves in Pulicat in the north. In the 17th century, the British East India Company decided to build a factory on the east coast and in 1626 chose its site as Armagon (Dugarazpatnam), a village about 35 miles north of Pulicat. Calico cloth from the local area, which is in great demand, of poor quality and unsuitable for export to Europe. The British soon realized that the Armagon port was not suitable for trading purposes. Francis Day, one of the company's officers, who was a member of the Masulipatam Council and Head of the Armagon Factory, made an exploration voyage in 1637 along the coast as far as Pondicherry in order to select a site for a new settlement.
Permission from Vijayanagara Ruler
At that time the Coromandel Beach was ruled by Peda Venkata Raya, from the Aravidu Dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire based in Chandragiri-Vellore. Under the Kings, the local chieftain or governor known as Nayaks ruled every district.
Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, the local governor of the Vijayanagar Empire and Nayaka from Wandiwash (Vandavasi), controlled the coastal territory of the territory, from Pulicat to the Portuguese settlement of San Thome. He has his headquarters in Wandiwash, and his brother, Ayyappa Nayakudu, lives in Poonamallee, a few miles west of Madras, where he takes care of coastal affairs. Give Thimmappa, Francis Day's
On August 22, 1639, Francis Day secured a Grant by Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, Nayaka of Wandiwash, handed over to the East India Company a three-mile parcel of land, a fishing village called Madraspatnam, a copy backed by Andrew Cogan, Head of Factory Masulipatam, and even now preserved. The grant is for a period of two years and empowers the Company to build fortresses and fortresses in about five square kilometers of its land lanes.
The English factors in Masulipatam are satisfied with the work of Francis Day. They asked Hari and Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka to wait until sanctions from the British Presidency higher than Banten in Java could be obtained for their actions. The main difficulty, amongst the English at that time, was the lack of money. In February 1640, Hari and Cogan, accompanied by several factors and authors, a garrison consisting of about twenty-five European troops and several other European artifacts, in addition to a Hindu powder maker named Naga Battan, proceeded to the land already given and started the factory new English there. They arrived at Madraspatnam on 20 February 1640; and this date is important because it marks the first actual English settlement in that place.
Grant creates a valid self rule
The grant signed between Damarla Venkatadri and the United Kingdom should be confirmed or confirmed by Raja Chandragiri - Venkatapathy Rayulu. The king, Venkatapathy Rayulu, was replaced by his nephew Sri Rangarayulu in 1642, and Sir Francis Day was replaced by Thomas Ivy. The grant ended, and Ivy sent Factor Greenhill on a mission to Chandragiri to meet the new King and get an updated grant. A new grant is issued, a copy is still available. This is dated October - November 1645. This new grant is important regarding the legal and civil development of British settlements. Because the King operates arbitrary and volatile legal codes that fundamentally discriminate against private ownership, trade and merchandising in general, and against non-Indians in particular, new grants signed in 1645 expanded the rights of English by empowering they are to manage Common Law English among their colonists and Civil Law between colonists and other European, Muslim and Hindu countries. In addition, expand the Company's property by attaching additional portions of land known as Narimedu (or 'Lands') located west of Madraspatnam village. This new grant laid the foundation for Madras expansion into its present form. The three grants are said to have been carved on gold plates which were later reported to have been looted, missing during one of the British colony genocide. However, there are city records of their whereabouts shortly thereafter, and it has been suggested that the current government may still hold it.
Expansion of Fort St. George to Madras
Francis Day and his boss Andrew Cogan can be considered the founders of Madras (now Chennai). They began the construction of Fort St. George on April 23, 1640 and houses for their residences. Their rapidly enriched little settlement attracted other East Indian merchants and when the Dutch position collapsed under the unfriendly Indian rule, they too slowly joined the settlement. By 1646, the settlement had reached 19,000 people and with the Portuguese and Dutch population in their stronghold much more. To further consolidate their position, the Company incorporates various settlements around Fort St. The expanded George, which includes its castle also includes a larger outer area surrounded by additional walls. This area became a Fort St. George. As determined by the Treaty signed with Nayak, the English and other Christian Europeans were not allowed to decorate the exterior of their building in other colors but white. As a result, over time, the area became known as the 'White City'.
According to the agreement, only Europeans, mainly Protestant British settlers are allowed to live in this area because beyond this limit, non-Indians are not allowed to own property. However, other national groups, especially Portuguese French, and other Catholic merchants have separate agreements with Nayak allowing them in turn to establish trading posts, factories and warehouses. When the East India Company controlled trade in the area, these non-English merchants entered into an agreement with the Company to settle on the Company land near "White Town" per agreement with Nayak. Over time, Indians also arrive in greater numbers and soon, non-Protestant and Portuguese Christian Europeans are outnumbered. After several outbreaks of violence by various Indian Hindu and Muslim communities against Christian Europeans, the White City defense and its territorial charter were expanded to incorporate much of the area that had grown up around its walls thus incorporating most of the European Catholic settlements. In turn they resettled non-European merchants and their families and workers, almost entirely Muslim or various Hindu castes beyond the newly expanded "White City". It is also surrounded by walls. To distinguish non-European and non-Christian areas from the "White City", the new settlement is called "Black City." Collectively, the original Fort St. George settlement, "White City" and "Black City" are called Madras.
During the 17th century, both outbreaks and genocide warfare dramatically reduced the population of colonies. Each time, survivors fall back to the security of Fort St. George. As a result, due to the frequency of explosions of racial and national violence against Europeans and especially Britons, Fort St. George with its impressive fortress became the core where the city grew and rebuilt itself. Several times throughout the life of the colony, the Fort became the last sanctuary of Europeans and Indian community allies because of raids by some Indian rulers and powers, resulting in total destruction of the city. Each time the city and the city were then rebuilt and re-populated by new settlers England and Europe. The fort still stands today, and part of it is used to house the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and the Office of the Chief Minister. Elihu Yale, after whom Yale University was named, was the British governor of Madras for five years. The share of the wealth he collected in Madras as part of the colonial administration became the financial foundation for Yale University.
The city has changed the boundaries and geographical boundaries of its residence several times, mainly as a result of raids by Hindu and Muslim forces around it. For example, Golkonda's troops under General Mir Jumla conquered Madras in 1646, slaughtering or selling the enslavement of many European Christians and Indian community allies, and brought Madras and the surrounding environment under his control. Nevertheless, the Castle and surrounding walls remained under British control which gradually rebuilt their colonies with additional colonies despite the mass killings of Europeans in Black Town by anti-colonialists created by Golkonda and the plague in the 1670s. In 1674, the expanded colony had nearly 50,000 British and European colonies and was given its own company charter, thus formally building a modern city. Finally, after an additional provocation from Golkonda, the British retreated until they defeated him.
After the fall of Golkonda in 1687, the territory was under the rule of the Mughal Emperor in Delhi which in turn provided new Charter and territorial borders for the area. Subsequently, the Word was issued by the Mughal Emperor granting the rights of the British East India company in Madras and formally ending the official capacity of the local rulers to invade England. In the later part of the 17th century, Madras continued to expand during the period of the East India Company and under many governors. Although most of the native Portuguese, Dutch, and British people had been killed during the genocide during the Golkonda period, under the protection of Moghul, a large number of British and Anglo-American settlers arrived to fill these losses. Consequently, during the Governor of Elihu Yale (1687-92), a large number of British and European settlers caused the most important political event which constituted the formation of the Mayor and Corporation for the city of Madras. Under this Charter, Britons and Protestants are granted the rights of self-government and independence from corporate law. In 1693, a perwanna was received from a local Nawab who gave the towns of Tondiarpet, Purasawalkam and Egmore to the company that continued to rule from Fort St. George. The present part of Chennai such as Poonamalee (the ancient Tamil name - Poo Iruntha valli ), Triplicane (the ancient Tamil name - Thiru alli keni ) is mentioned in Tamil bhakti literature of the 6th - 9th century. Thomas Pitt became Governor of Madras in 1698 and reigned for eleven years. This period witnessed tremendous trade developments and increased wealth resulting in the construction of many fine homes, luxury homes, residential development, expanded ports and towns complete with new city walls, and churches and schools for British colonies and missionary schools for local Indians.
Acquisitions
1750 to the end of Raj Britania
In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were finally arrested. But this time by the French under General La Bourdonnais, who was once the Governor of Mauritius. Because of its importance to the East India Company, the French looted and destroyed Chepauk and Blacktown villages, the area opposite the harbor where all the shipyard workers lived.
The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. They then strengthened and expanded Fort St. George over the next thirty years to assume the next attack, the most powerful coming from France (1759, under Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally), and then Hyder Ali, the Emperor of Mysore in 1767 during the Anglo War -Mysore First. Following the Madras Covenant that brought the war to an end, the external threat to Madras decreased significantly. The 1783 version of Fort St. George is what still stands today.
In the second half of the eighteenth century, Madras became an important British naval base, and the administrative center of the growing British dominance in southern India. The British fought with various European powers, especially the French in Vandavasi (Wandiwash) in 1760, where de Lally was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, and Denmark in Tharangambadi (Tranquebar). After England's victory in the Seven Years War, they finally dominated, pushing France, the Netherlands, and Denmark away completely, and reduced the French dominance in India into four small coastal enclaves. Britain also fought four wars with the Mysore Empire under Hyder Ali and then his son Tipu Sultan, which led to their ultimate dominance in southern India. Madras is the capital of the Madras Presidency, also called the Province of Madras.
At the end of 1783, the great war of the 18th century that saw the battle of Britain and France from Europe to North America and from the Mediterranean to India, resulted in Britain fully controlling the territory of the city and most of South India. Although Britain has lost most of their densely populated, industrious, and wealthy North American colonies, after a decade-long conflict with France, they safely control Madras and most of India's commerce. As a result, they expanded the company's Chartered control by covering the neighboring villages of Triplicane, Egmore, Purasawalkam and Chetput to form the town of Chennapatnam, as the locals called it. This new area saw the proliferation of British merchants and planting families who, allied with their wealthy Indian counterparts, jointly controlled Chennapatnam under the White City control. Over time and administrative reform, the area was finally fully incorporated into the new Madras metropolitan charter.
The development of the port in Madras made the city an important trade center between India and Europe in the 18th century. In 1788, Thomas Parry arrived at Madras as a free merchant and he founded one of the oldest trading companies in the city and one of the oldest in the country (EID Parry). John Binny came to Madras in 1797 and he founded the Binny & amp; Co. in 1814. Spencer started as a small business in 1864 and later became the largest department store in Asia at the time. The original building that houses Spencer & amp; Co was burned in flames in 1983 and the structure is now one of India's largest shopping centers, Spencer Plaza. Other leading companies in the city include Gordon Woodroffe, Best & amp; Crompton, Higginbotham's, Hoe & amp; Co and P. Orr & amp; Children.
Millions of people starving to death across Britain ruled Tamil Nadu, about 3.9 million people died in Chennai alone with two years 1877-78.
Madras is the capital of the Madras Presidency and thus home to an important commercial organization. Breaking with a closed system tradition and almost entirely controlled by the British from the British East India Company, the Madras Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1836 by Fredrick Adam, Governor of the Madras Presidency (the second oldest Chamber of Commerce in the country). Thereafter in nodding to the declining fate of the English textile owners and skilled workers still in existence in the city, the Madras Trade Association was founded in 1856, where old colonial families were still involved in skilled trade and textiles were given entry into the financial system of Britain and India. In turn, Madras Stock Exchange was founded in 1920. In 1906, the city was in financial crisis with the failure of its leading trading bank, Arbuthnot & amp; Co Crisis also endanger Parry & amp; Co and Binny & amp; Co, but both found rescue teams. V. Krishnaswamy Iyer's lawyer made a name for himself representing the confessed, mostly rich Hindus and Muslims who had lent money to the failed bank. The following year, dousing with funds won from a native owner who had capitalized the bank, he arranged a small group of merchants to find the Indian Bank, by which he funded a new Indian company and entered the ranks of the previously closed British financial system.. The bank still has its corporate headquarters in the city.
During World War I, Madras (Chennai) was peeled off by the SMS of the German light vessel Emden, resulting in 5 civilian deaths and 26 wounded. The crew of the merchant ship was also destroyed by German troops that night.
Post-independence (1947)
Post-English Raj
After India became independent in 1947, it became the administrative and state capital of Madras State which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968.
During the reorganization of Indian states on the linguistic line, in 1953, Telugu speakers wanted Madras as the capital of Andhra Pradesh and created the slogan "Madras Manade" (Madras is ours). The demand for the immediate creation of Telugu-speaking countries met after Tirupati was put into the Andhra State and after the leaders who led the movement were convinced to submit their claims to Madras. Disputes arose for over a hundred years ago, early British workers, European and small cottage capitalists have been largely replaced by Tamil-speaking and Telugu-speaking people. In fact, as the greater concentration of capital destroys what is left of the old East Indian middle class, the city is essentially a major housing development for a large number of workers. Most of them were recruited as cheap laborers from the relatively poor citizenship of Telugu, which in turn infuriated the former Tamil citizens and Madras middle class settlers in the late 18th century. Earlier, Panagal Raja, president of the Madras presidency in the early 1920s, had suggested that the Cooum River be the boundary between the Tamil and Telugu administrations. In 1953, Tamil political and administrative dominance, both at the Union and the State level ensured that Madras was not transferred to Andhra's new country.
Though Madras natives and responsible for its growth to modern metropolis today, Britons and Europeans are virtually absent. Always a small minority compared to the vast Indian population in the interior, despite the slow growth in natural birth rates and sustainable settlements, the UK and European populations are becoming part of the diminishing city population. As more and more Indians come from the countryside to work in the city, the English and other Europeans find it increasingly difficult to establish or maintain the independent wealth that they had during the early East India regime. It just goes on to reduce the continuing British settlement. Nevertheless, as every metropolitan burial place and other massive metropolis in India can prove, hundreds of thousands came to India between the 1600s (decades) and the 1770s and then another million came between 1770 and 1870. These settlers and their families are scattered throughout India or settled in the cities, with Madras being one of their main entry points. However, by the beginning of the 20th century they had become a small minority in their own city. Although they kept control of Madras' original company and business, and were the official representatives of the imperial government, the size of their community relative to the larger Indian population in Madras ensured their demise should eventually be granted democratic control to Indian citizens in exchange for older colonial charters. When this was achieved with Indian Independence in 1947, they were quickly knocked out by the Indian population.
Despite not having their original numbers and controls, the remnants of the native community of England, along with other minorities as well as the long history of British culture, make Madras a slightly cosmopolitan city. The inhabitants of Telugu and Tamil were more or less the same at the time, but the dynamics of Madras changed rapidly after independence. a mixture of Anglo Indian descent from the original British settlers, the smaller but still existing British and European communities, as well as the Malayalee migrant community in the city. Since the city is an important administrative and commercial center, many others such as Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarat and Marwaris, as well as people from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar migrate to the city and have contributed to its cosmopolitan nature. Today, Chennai also has a growing expatriate population mainly from the United States, Europe and East Asia working in industry and IT centers.
Since its establishment as a city in 1639, English is the official language of the city. However, from the 1960s, the Central Government began preparing for the use of Hindi in business and government. Therefore, from 1965 to 1967, the city saw turmoil against these two language policies (Hindi and local languages), and witnessed sporadic riots. Madras witnessed further political violence due to civil war in Sri Lanka, with 33 people killed by a bomb planted by the Tamil Eelam Navy at the airport in 1984, and the murder of thirteen members of EPRLF and two Indian civilians by rival LTTE in 1991. On the same year, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was killed in Sriperumbudur, a small town near Chennai, while campaigning in Tamil Nadu, by Thenmuli Rajaratnam AKA Dhanu. Dhanu is widely believed to be a member of the LTTE. In 1996, in accordance with the practice of nationalizing the names of Indian cities, the Tamil Nadu Government, represented by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, was renamed the city of Chennai. The 2004 tsunami hit the Chennai coast that killed many people.
Today, modern Chennai, formerly known as Madras is a major cultural, commercial and industrial center, and is known for its cultural heritage and temple architecture. Chennai is the capital of Indian cars, with around forty percent of the car industry having bases there and with most of the national vehicles being produced there. Chennai is also referred to as the Detroit of South Asia. It is a large manufacturing center. Chennai has also been a major hub for the IT and financial services being outsourced from the Western world. Due to the rich musical and cultural traditions of the city, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has included Chennai in its Creative City Network.
Name
Various etymologies have been proposed for the name, 'Chennai'. Here are some suggested explanations of the origin of the words Chennai or Chennapattanam : The popular explanation is that the name came from the name of the Telugu chief, Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, Nayaka of Chandragiri and Vandavasi, the father of Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, from whom the English acquired the city in 1639. The first official use of the name Chennai is said in the sales deed, dated August 8, 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company.
Chennai's initial name in Madras is equally mired in controversy. But there is some consensus that it stands for Madraspatnam , a site chosen by the British East India Company for a permanent settlement in 1639.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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