Scottish Trade in the Middle Ages encompassed all forms of economic exchange on the Scottish modern border and between the territory and the outer location, between the fifth-century Roman departure of Britain and the formation of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century. There are no detailed account details for most of the existing periods for the UK, which can provide an understanding of foreign trade. In the early Middle Ages, the rise of Christianity meant that wine and precious metals were imported for use in religious rituals. Imported goods found at archaeological sites during this period include ceramics and glass, while many sites show iron and precious metal work. The slave trade is also important and in the Irish Sea may have been stimulated by the arrival of the Vikings from the late 8th century.
In the High Middle Ages there was an increase in the number of foreign trade. Increased sea exploitation in the highlands and islands may be due to the arrival of Scandinavians in this period. From the reign of David I, there were burgh records, cities granted certain legal rights from the crown. They were able to impose tolls and fines on merchants within areas outside their settlements and their growth facilitated by trade with the continent. The most important exports are unprocessed raw materials, including wool, leather, salt, fish, animals and coal, while Scotland still often lacks timber, iron and, in the poor harvesting years, seeds. Coins replaced barter goods, with Scottish coins being beaten from the reign of David I. Until the disruption caused by the outbreak of the War of Independence in the early fourteenth century, most of the marine trade was probably the coast and most of the foreign trade was with England, but the disruption of the era this prompted the opening of new markers on the continent.
The main Continental trading partner of the Scottish Burghs is a trader in Flanders. Before 1321 Scottish merchants had established a staple in Bruges. The staple was transferred to Middelburg in New Zealand several times in the fifteenth century. Although Bruges remains a major trading partner, the 1460s trade was also developed with Veere, Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp. Wool and hiding were major exports in the late Middle Ages. Independence Wars Disorder means that this falls in the period 1341-42 to 1342-43, but trades recovered to peak in the 1370s. The introduction of sheep mange was a serious blow to the wool trade from the beginning of the 15th century. Despite the decline in levels, there was another decline in exports as the market collapsed in low-lying countries early in the 16th century. Unlike in England, this does not encourage Scottish people to turn to large-scale fabrics production and only poor-quality rough fabrics seem significant. There is an increasing demand in Scotland for luxury goods, most of which have to be imported, leading to chronic chronic shortages. This, and the eternal problems in the royal finances, caused some currency debasemen. The highly calculated "black money", introduced in 1480, had to be withdrawn two years later and may have helped spark a financial and political crisis.
Video Scottish trade in the Middle Ages
Beginning of the Middle Ages
There are no detailed account details for most of the existing period for the UK, which can provide an understanding of foreign trade, with the first record for Scotland dating to the 1320s. Anecdotal and archaeological evidence provides some indication of the nature of trade for the early Middle Ages. The advent of Christianity means that wine and precious metals are imported for use in religious rituals and sometimes there are references to travel to and from foreign countries, such as the incidents noted by AdomnÃÆ'¡n where St. Columba went to port to wait for the ship to carry news, and possibly other items, from Italy. Imported goods found at archaeological sites during this period include ceramics and glass, while many sites show iron and precious metal work. Slave trade is also important, with most rural households containing several slaves. The king is often called to invade slaves. A letter from St. Patrick points out that the Picts bought slaves from the English in what is now southern Scotland. Slave trade in the Irish Sea may have been stimulated by the arrival of the Vikings from the late 8th century.
Maps Scottish trade in the Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
Bone evidence suggests that there was significant growth in fish trade of about 1000 and migrated from deep sea to deep sea catch. Increased sea exploitation in the highlands and islands may be due to the arrival of Scandinavians in this period. Then Aberdeen gained a reputation for the sale of fish, especially salmon, which was delivered in a large barrel of Hamburg. The term l'abberdaan is synonymous with cod in Flanders and Cologne in the thirteenth century.
From the reign of David I (1124-53), there were burgh records (German words for a fortress), cities granted certain legal rights from the crown. Most of the burghs given the charter in his administration may already exist as settlements. The charters are copied almost word for word from those used in the UK, and they are run by early burgesses that are typically English or Flemish. They were able to impose tolls and penalties on merchants in areas outside their settlements, which sometimes, as in the case of Edinburgh, are immense. Most of the early burghs are on the east coast, and among them are the largest and richest, including Aberdeen, Berwick, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth is facilitated by trade with the continent. In south-west, Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright are assisted by a less profitable maritime trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain. The foundations of about 15 burghs can be traced during the reign of David I and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296.
Burgh is a basic craft center, including making shoes, clothes, plates, pans, carpenters, bread and ale, which will usually be sold to residents and visitors on market day. In the High Middle Ages there was an increase in the number of foreign trade. However, there are relatively few manufacturing industries developed in Scotland for much of this period. Consequently, the most important exports are unprocessed raw materials, including wool, leather, salt, fish, animals and coal, while Scotland still often lacks timber, iron and, in the bad years of crops, seeds, the latter is brought in large quantities from Ireland and the UK, especially at the time of scarcity. Until the disruption caused by the outbreak of the War of Independence in the early fourteenth century, most of the marine trade was probably the coast and most of the foreign trade was with England.
New monastic orders such as the Cistercian were introduced to Scotland in this period became the main landowners, especially in the Borders. They are sheep breeders and wool producers for the market in Flanders. Some monasteries such as Melrose have large amounts of land and a very large number of sheep, probably at least 12,000 in the late thirteenth century.
Coins began to replace barter goods in this period, with Scottish coins beaten from the reign of David I and candy set up in Berwick, Roxburgh, Edinburgh and Perth, but until the end of most exchange periods were carried out without the use of metal currencies and where it was, England may lose the number of Scots.
The Middle Middle End
In addition to the main Burgh kingdoms, the late Middle Ages witnessed the proliferation of bargy and ecclesial ecclesiastics, with 51 created between 1450 and 1516. Most of them were much smaller than their royal counterparts. Excluded from international trade, they mainly act as local markets and expertise centers. In general, Burgh may do much more local trade with their inland from national or international, relying on them for food and raw materials.
The War of Independence closes the UK market and increases piracy and disruption of maritime trade on both sides. They may have led to an increase in continental trade. The isolated references indicate that Scottish ships were active in Bergen and Danzig and the earliest records of the 1330s showed that five-sixths of this trade was in the hands of Scottish merchants. The main Continental trading partner of the Scottish Burghs is a German trader from the Hanseatic League in Flanders. Prior to 1321 Scottish merchants had established a staple in Bruges where all wool, wool, and leather were theoretically channeled. Scotland in the city received certain privileges and from 1407 the interests of Scottish merchants were represented by the "Scottish privilege conservator". Relationships with Bruges are often difficult. The involvement of Scottish merchants in piracy resulted in an embargo on Scottish traders by the Hanseatic League in 1412-15 and 1419-36. However, trading with Danzig, Stralsund, Hamburg and Bruges continues. The staple was transferred to Middelburg in New Zealand several times in the fifteenth century. Although Bruges remains a major trading partner, the 1460s trade was also developed with Veere, Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp. In 1508 James IV moved Staple to the small port of Veere in the Province of Zealand, where it remained until the end of the seventeenth century.
Wool and hiding were major exports in the late Middle Ages. From 1327 to 1332, the earliest period in which the numbers survived, the annual average was 5,700 bags of wool and 36.100 skins in hiding. The War of Independence Disorder, which is not only limited trade but destroys much valuable agricultural land in the Borders and Lowlands, means that it falls in the period 1341-42 to 1342-43 to 2,450 woolen sack and 17,900 leather. Trade recovered to peak in the 1370s, with an annual average of 7,360 sacks, but the international recession of the 1380s declined to an annual average of 3,100 sacks. The introduction of sheep mange was a serious blow to the wool trade from the beginning of the 15th century. Despite the decline in levels, there was another decline in exports as the market collapsed in low-lying countries early in the 16th century. Unlike in England, this does not encourage Scottish people to turn to large-scale fabrics production and only poor-quality rough fabrics seem significant. Skin exports and especially salmon, where the Scots have a decisive advantage in quality over their rivals, seem to survive much better than wool, despite the general economic downturn in Europe in the aftermath of Black Death. Exports hide an average of 56,400 a year from 1380 to 1384, but dropped to an average of 48,000 over the next five years and up to 34,200 by the end of the century.
With the War of Independence and the change of Irish land from cultivation to grazing farming, new sources of grain are needed. It started importing in large quantities, mainly from the Baltic port, via Berwick and Ayr. There is a growing desire among palaces, nobles, top clerics and wealthy merchants for luxury goods, most of which must be imported, including fine fabrics from Flanders and Italy, wine, pottery, armor and military equipment. This leads to chronic bars deficiency. This, and the eternal problems in the monarchy of finance, caused some currency debasemen, with the amount of silver in a penny cut almost a fifth between the end of the fourteenth century and the end of the fifteenth century. The highly calculated "black money", introduced in 1480, had to be withdrawn two years later and may have helped spark a financial and political crisis.
Note
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments