Public housing is a form of housing ownership in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local.
Social housing is a generic term referring to rental housing that may be owned and managed by the state, by a non-profit organization, or in combination of both, usually with the aim of providing affordable housing. Social housing can also be seen as a potential solution to housing inequality.
Although the general purpose of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the details, terminology, poverty definitions and other criteria for allocation vary in different contexts.
Video Public housing
History
The origins of urban housing lie in the dramatic increase in urban populations caused by the 19th century Industrial Revolution. In the major cities of the day, many social commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on poverty, illness and immorality emerged. Henry Mayhew, visiting Bethnal Green, writes in The Morning Chronicle:
... streets unmade, often alleys, small houses and no foundation, divided again and often around unpaved grounds. Almost no drainage and sewerage is exacerbated by ponds formed by brickearth excavations. Pigs and cows in the back yard, dangerous trade like boiling tripe, melted fat, or preparing cat meat, and slaughterhouses, dust, and "rotting ground lakes" are added to the dirt.
Some philanthropists began to provide housing in blocks of plots, and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and Port Sunlight in 1888. In 1885, after a report from the Royal Commission in England, that first country was interested. This led to the Housing Class Act of 1885, which empowers the Regional Government Council to cover unhealthy property and encourage them to repair housing in their area.
The City of London Corporation built tenements on Farringdon Road in 1865, and the world's first large-scale residential project was also built in London, to replace one of the most famous slums in the capital - Old Nichol. Nearly 6,000 people crammed into crowded streets, where one in four children died before their first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote an influential letter A Child of the Jago , a story about a child's life in a slum, triggering public condemnation. The Boundary Estate Development began in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and was completed by the newly formed London County Council in 1900.
The success of this project prompted many local councils to start a similar construction scheme early in the 20th century. The Movement of Arts and Crafts and the idea of ​​Ebenezer Howard Park city leads to the vast London County Council cottage plantations such as the first, Totterdown Fields and then Wormholt and Old Oak. The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus, when poor physical health and the conditions of many urban recruits to the army were recorded with alarm. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve. This led to a campaign known as the House suitable for heroes and in 1919 the Government first forced the council to provide housing, assisting them to do so through the provision of subsidies, under the Housing Act of 1919. The public housing project tried in several European countries and the United States in the 1930s, but only expanded globally after the Second World War.
Maps Public housing
America
Brazil
Minha Casa Minha Vida (My Home, My Life), Brazil's social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R $ 36 billion (US $ 18 billion) to build one million homes. The second phase of the program, included in the Government's Growth Acceleration Program (PAC - Programa de AceleraÃÆ'§ÃÆ'§Co Crescimento) was announced in March 2010. This stage estimates the construction of two million more homes.
Out of a total of 3 million homes, 1.6 million are for families earning between 0 and 3 times the monthly minimum wage (R $ 545); 1 million homes are allocated to families with a salary of between 3 and 6 times the monthly minimum wage; and the remaining 400,000 homes for families earning between 6 and 10 times the monthly minimum wage. All funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida property are provided by Brazilian commercial bank Caixa EconÃÆ'Â'mica Federal. Banks finance the development and provide mortgages for eligible families.
In April 2011, the Minister of Planning, Miriam Belchior announced that one million homes were contracted to Minha Casa Minha Vida in 2010 and that 500,000 homes will be delivered in 2011. The government budget for the program is R $ 39 billion in 2010 and R $ 40 , 1 billion in 2011.
Canada
In Canada, public housing is usually a subsidized housing block built with the purpose of being operated by government agencies, often referred to simply as community housing , with more manageable city houses. Canada, especially Toronto, still maintains a high-rise massive development in a working-class neighborhood, a system that has fallen into disrepute both in the UK and US. However, Toronto Community Housing, the second largest public housing agency in North America, has buildings and communities ranging from individual homes to high-rise, high-rise townhouses and apartment communities in the working and middle-class neighborhoods. They live in low-income Canada.
Following the decentralization of public housing for local municipalities, the Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC) was established in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers (public housing, non-profit housing and cooperative housing). It is a non-profit company that provides Ontario residential providers and service managers with bulk purchases, insurance, investments and information services that add significant value to their operations.
Recently, there has been a movement toward the integration of public housing with market housing and other uses. The revitalization plans for such properties as the famous Downtown Eastside Vancouver, and Regent Park, Lawrence Heights, and Alexandra Park in Toronto, aim to provide better accommodation for low-income residents, and connect them with the larger community. In Toronto, for example, the purpose of the Bupati District reconstruction plan is to better integrate it into traditional street networks, improve recreational and cultural facilities, and build mixed-income buildings. However, residents of this community have little effective feedback in the plan and have mixed reactions to construction.
In 2014, the city of Vancouver, long considered one of the most affordable cities in the world, changed the definition of social housing into rental housing where at least 30 percent of residential units are occupied by households that can not pay market rent, due to lack of income.
Mexico
At the end of the Second World War, enriched by US investment and oil explosions, Mexico experienced the first demographic explosion, in which the main objective for rural immigrants was Mexico City. Mario Pani Darqui, a famous architect at the time, was required to build his first large-scale project. Built for DirecciÃÆ'³n de Pensiones Civiles y Retiro (National Pension Office, today ISSSTE), Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar) Miguel AlemÃÆ'¡n (1947-50) and Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar) Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez (1951- 52) both in Colonia Roma, introduced the formal ideas of Ville Radieuse Le Corbusier into urban fabric.
His later project, Conjunto Urbano Tlatelolco Nonoalco, built in 1960-65, is intended to develop one of the city's poorest sections, the Santiago Tlatelolco, which is a slum neighborhood. Unfortunately, after a while, instead of giving shelter to the previous inhabitants of Tlatelolco, corruption took place and most of the dwellings were handed over to state employees.
During the 1985 earthquake, the complexes of Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez and Nonoalco-Tlaltelolco were severely damaged, with several buildings collapsing. Today most Multifamiliar Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez has been destroyed.
Mexico has had experience with housing projects since the Porfirio Daz regime. One of them still remains and is Barrio of Loreto di San ÃÆ' ngel, ÃÆ' lvaro ObregÃÆ'³n, D.F., which is a project for paper mill workers.
United States
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was mainly in the introduction of building standards. Atlanta, Georgia Techwood Homes, dedicated in 1935, is the country's first public housing project. Most residential communities developed from the 1930s and early public housing were largely slum settlements, with conditions imposed by private builders that for every unit of public housing built, a unit of private housing would be destroyed.
It also alleviates fears of formation by eliminating or changing an environment that is generally considered a source of disease, and reflects a progressive sanitation initiative. In addition, public housing along with the Federal Highway Program destroyed older housing, below the standard color community throughout the United States.
However, the emergence of makeshift tent communities during the Great Depression caused concerns in the Administration. Public housing in the early decades is usually much more labor and middle class and white than the 1970s. Many Americans linked massive towers with public housing, but initial projects were in fact low-rise, although Le Corbusier's superblock was captured before World War II.
A unique US public housing initiative is the development of subsidized middle class housing during the New Deal (1940-42) under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Employment Service under the direction of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook. These eight projects were purchased by the population after the Second World War and in 2009 seven projects continued to operate as joint-stock companies owned by their residents. These projects are one of the few definitive success stories in the history of US public housing efforts.
Public housing is only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects are almost never built on suburban green land, but through regeneration of older environments. The destruction of tenements and evictions of low-income residents has consistently created problems in the immediate environment of the "soft" real estate market. Houses, apartments or other housing units are usually subsidized on a rent-directed-to-income basis (RGI). Some communities have now embraced diverse revenues, both with help and market rent, when allocating homes when they become available.
The HOPE VI Program of the Department of Forestry and Urban Development (HUD) 1993 is aimed at addressing the concerns of depressed properties and extraordinary lacerations with revitalization and funding projects for public housing updates to reduce their density and enable tenants with mixed income levels. The projects continue to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, especially in New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, DC and others that lead to the 1996 federal strike path you exit "law, allowing the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially those related to drugs, or just as a result of trying for some crimes.
Other efforts to resolve this problem include the Housing Program Part 8 1974, which encourages the private sector to build affordable homes, and subsidizes public housing. This assistance can be "project-based", subsidizing property, or "tenant-based", which provides tenants with vouchers, received by several landlords.
Puerto Rico
The environment in Puerto Rico is often divided into three types: barrio, urbanization (urbanization) and residencial pÃÆ'ºblico (public housing). An urbanizaciÃÆ'³n is a type of housing in which the land is developed into many, often by private developers, and where single-family homes are built. Recently, non-single family units, such as condominiums and townhouses are under construction that also fall into this category. (In Puerto Rico, condominiun is a housing unit located in a high-rise building called "apartamento" (English: apartment), whether residents own units or do not live as tenants.) Housing, on the other hand, is a housing unit built with government funding, primarily through the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) programs and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). It has traditionally comprised multi-family dwellings in residential complexes called Barriada or CaserÃÆ'o (and more recently Residencial Publico), and at where all the exterior base consists of a common area.
However, more and more public housing developments are being built consisting of traditional multi-family family dwellings with all exterior bases consisting of a common outdoor area, for example, public housing may consist of a single family garden apartment unit. Finally, a house not located in urbanizacion or public housing construction is said to be in (and become part of) a barrio . In Puerto Rico, "barrio" also has a second and very different official meaning: the geographic area in which a municipos is divided for official administrative purposes. In this sense, urbanizaciones and the construction of public housing (and one or more "barrios" in the popular sense) may lie in one of these 901 official geographical areas.
Asia
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, public housing is one of the main government housing policies. Nearly half of Hong Kong's 7.8 million residents live in public housing. Two major public housing providers are the Housing Authority and the Housing Society.
China
In China, the government provides public housing through various sources, such as new housing, abandoned properties, and old rented low-cost flats and is called 'Lian Zu Fang' (literally 'low rent' or ' low rental housing ', China: ???). Additional housing is built by providing free land and waiver fees for plantation developers: the home produced is called 'Jing Ji Shi Yong Fang' (literally 'economically applicable housing', China: ?????).
The concept of cheap rental housing can be traced to a 1998 policy statement, but did not actually take off until 2006 due to limited funding and administrative issues. The provision of more affordable housing is one of the main components of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, which targets the construction of 36 million homes by 2015. The cost of the program will be shared between the private and public sectors and an estimated five trillion yuan. by Chinese investment bank CICC.
Japanese
Singapore
In Singapore, the public housing program, in particular the planning and development of new public housing and the allocation of rental units and resale of existing ownership units, is managed by the Housing and Development Agency. Public residential community management has mostly been delegated to the City Council led by local parliamentarians.
Most housing developments in Singapore are generally regulated and developed. Most residents in public housing are renters under a 99 year lease agreement.
Europe
Austria
Public housing was an important issue directly from the foundation of the German-Austrian Republic in 1918. The population faced uncertainties especially in terms of food and fuel. This causes a large number of less affluent people to move to the suburbs, often building makeshift homes to get closer to where they can grow food. They are called Siedler (settlers). When the political situation stabilized with the foundations of the First Republic of Austria in September 1919, the Siedler movement began to create formal organizations such as the Austrian Association for Settlements and Small Gardens. The electoral victory of the Austrian Social Democratic Party in elections for Vienna Gemeinderat (city parliament) gave rise to Red Vienna. Part of their program is the provision of decent housing for the Vienna working class that is at the core of their supporters. Therefore the German word Gemeindebau (plural: Gemeindebauten ) for "municipal development". In Austria, referring to residential buildings established by municipalities, usually to provide low-cost public housing. It has been an important part of Viennese architecture and culture since the 1920s.
Denmark
In Denmark, public housing is called Almennyttigt Boligbyggeri and is owned and managed by some 700 self-governing, democratic and non-profit organizations by and for the tenants themselves. Many public housing organizations in Denmark are rooted in the early history of trade unions and currently make up about 20% of total housing stocks with about 7,500 departments across the country. Membership of a housing organization is usually required to get the lease and they are given with respect to the length of the membership.
Although the building is owned and managed by an independent and economically self-sufficient organization, the Danish State is heavily regulating public housing in the country. By law, municipalities have access to 25% of rentals, usually providing them to the poor, unemployed, disabled or mentally ill or other groups dependent on the social benefits of the municipality. Over the years, these regulations have created many "fragile neighborhoods" - called "ghettos" - domestically. Denmark Public Housing has never had income restrictions, but in recent years new state regulations have obliged for some of them to support full-time tenants and unemployed or unemployed people. This is a relatively new attempt by the state to fight ghettofication, which is now a formally recognized issue across the country.
As in Sweden, state and city policies made during the first decades of the 21st century, have led to an increase in privatization of public housing. In many areas, residents have been offered to buy their own flats, thus effectively changing the status of the property. The privatization of public housing began as part of an ideological program by the right-wing government in the early 21st century and launched several years after the closure of the Ministry of Housing in 2001. The former ministry was reopened as the Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Affairs in October 2011, when the coalition government newly-led socio-democrats are formed.
Finnish
The earliest public housing project in Finland is in Helsinki. In 1909, four wooden houses designed by architect A. Nyberg were built in Kirstinkuja (formerly Kristiinankatu) for city workers. The population is mainly a working-class family with several children. The average apartment has five people per room, sometimes up to eight. The small apartments are equipped with running water, pantry and an attic closet. Each apartment has its own toilet in the basement. Electric lighting was installed in 1918.
The home and family life of workers in Helsinki from 1909 to 1985 is presented at the museum near the LinnanmÃÆ'¤ki amusement park.
French
After World War II, populations increased at previously unknown levels, rural exoduses increased, while war damage has reduced the number of homes in many cities. Rental rates rose dramatically, and the government made legislation in 1948 to block them, effectively putting an end to the economic benefits of housing investment. Rent was gradually regulated until the debate in the 1980s led to the current lease legislation of 1989 theoretically balancing landlords and tenant relationships. However, there was a major homeless crisis in the winter of 1953-4 and the required legislation gradually mobilized resulting in almost continuous high-level construction from the 1960s. Social landlords are a major source of skills and construction actors with links to national and local agencies. The construction industry at that time was not sufficient so political support was needed
It is incorrect to refer to French social housing as public housing. The origins of French social housing are located in the private sector, with the assistance of the first State granted to limited-income firms by Siegfried loi in 1793. The socialist idea originally promoted by some French masters in the second half of the nineteenth century. Public housing companies followed before the Great War. There are still different social movements of housing, public, private and some cooperatives. Social landlords organizations all have similar rules and similar access to government loans but there are significant differences in lt; Many are found in the Code de la Construction et de l'Habitation (Code of Building and Housing), Book IV (with the allocation of social housing and funding elsewhere in the Code). The original purpose of these organizations is to provide homes to be purchased with installments and about one-third of their construction is still to be purchased. There is an abundance of statistics and information on current access and financing on the Housing Ministry Website: http://www.territoires.gouv.fr/logement-et-hebergement for access. Now there are also a number of public-private joint ventures.
The government launched a series of major development plans, including the creation of new towns ("villes nouvelles") and new suburbs with HLM (Habitation ÃÆ' Loyer Modà © Ã… © rà ©  ©, "low rent homes"). The state has the funds and legal means to acquire land and can provide some benefits to companies that then build large residential complexes of hundreds of apartments. Quality is also effectively regulated, resulting in good quality housing or eligible for the standard of the 1950s and 1960s. The development of HLMs is subject to much political debate. Many smaller developments are now the norm. This housing is now generally referred to as 'l'habitat social' scope which is slightly wider than just housing.
France still maintains this system, a new law that makes it a duty for every city to have at least 20% HLM. Currently, HLM represents about half of the rental market (46% in 2006). Social housing is not all for the less fortunate people who are just one of the target groups. Part of the funding can be provided by employer-employee groups to provide housing for local employees. A target of 20% can include medium housing for better groups, although the goal is to generate a social mix. Gentrification and very basic social housing allocation is a divisive issue as well as the extent of local housing control. This housing has always been a multi-actor activity and local government reorganization has recently continued to change the political landscape.
While they succeeded in providing low-income families living in encouragement to provide public housing, the system also led to the creation of a suburban ghetto, with the problem of collapse. There is a long-term problem of impoverishing social tenants gradually There, the marginalized population strata, mostly from immigrants and labor shortages, may have in the past been abandoned to move away from the more affluent urban centers, sometimes becoming full of social tensions and violence. This affects a small proportion of social housing but has a high profile and still produces serious tension.
Addressing this issue at its root is all simple, and mixed social policies can break down populations that are considered difficult by redevelopment. It has no hope for results. It has also been sought to solve the problem of access to the system by disadvantaged people with a new system in which certain groups can apply to the court to be accommodated if rejected, the 'right to housing'. This tends to intensify the controversy over the allocation of social housing, which should be placed. The French tradition of 'universal' social housing allocation - housing for everyone is questioned by EU competition rules that limit subsidies except for the less fortunate. However, this system must be effective in generating construction, although not with the excess seen in the recent credit crunch elsewhere.
German
Between 1925 and 1930 Germany is an innovative and extensive public housing project site, mostly in Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main. This Siedlungen (settlement), made necessary by the terrible living conditions of pre-war urban suburban houses. The right to a healthy dwelling was written into the 1919 Weimar Constitution, but some dwellings were built up to economic stability in 1925.
These settlements are low-rise, not more than 5 levels, and in a suburban neighborhood. Residents are given access to light, air, and sun. The size, shape, orientation and style of the German public housing architecture have been informed by recent experience of Vienese and Dutch Urban Urban Movements of anti-urbanity in Britain, by mass production techniques and pre-fabricated new industrial buildings, by the use of new steel and glass, and by the liberal progressive policies of the Social Democrats.
The architect Martin Wagner (with Bruno Taut) is responsible for thousands of residences built in and around Berlin, including Horseshoe Siedlung (named for its shape), and Uncle Tom's Cabin Siedlung (named for local restaurants). But Wagner is second in the city planner Ernst May in Frankfurt. May is responsible for the construction of 23 separate settlements, 15,000 units in total, in five years. He runs a large research facility to investigate, for example, airflow in various floor plan configurations, construction techniques, etc. The Austrian architect Margarete SchÃÆ'¼tte-Lihotzky applies the Taylorism principle to the kitchen work space and develops the Frankfurt kitchen while working for Ernst May.
In addition to technical research, May also publishes two magazines and embarked on a significant public relations project, with films and classes and public exhibitions, to make the Bues of Neues Bauen accepted by the public. In the late 1920s the principle of equal access to "Licht, Luft und Sonne" (light, air and sun) and the social effects of the "Existenzminimum" warranty became a matter of popular debate living throughout Germany. One indirect result of this publicity is the American housing movement: a young Catherine Bauer attended one of the May conference of 1930, and wrote his modern "Modal Housing" based on research conducted in Frankfurt and with Dutch architect JJP Oud.
The increasing pressure of the rising Nazi brought this era to an end in 1933. The majority of German public housing experts have Social Democratic or Communist sympathies and are forced out of the country.
In East Germany, the Communist government saw the rise of Plattenbau ("panel building"). Almost all new residential buildings since the 1960s were built with this style, as it is a fast and relatively inexpensive way to address the severe housing shortages in the country, caused by wartime raids and large influx of German refugees from the far east.
There are several general plattenbau designs. The most common serial is P2, followed by WBS 70. WHH GT 18, and Q3A. The design is flexible and can be built as a tower or row of apartments of varying heights.
Hungarian
PanelhÃÆ'¡z (short form: panel ) is the name of a flat block type (panel building) in Hungary. It was the main housing type built in the Socialist era. From 1959 to 1990 788,000 flat panels were built in Hungary. About 2 million people, about one fifth of the country's total population, live in this flat. The Hungarian and local municipalities initiated a renovation program during the 2000s. In this program they have isolated this building, replacing old doors and windows with multi-layer thermo glass, updating heating systems and coloring buildings in a more fun way.
ireland
In Ireland, public housing and disjointed sites (sites used by semi-nomadic tourist communities) have been built by local authorities and are known as Local Authority Accommodation. Dublin Corporation and the former Dublin City Council provide the largest share of Irish county government housing, with County Longford having the largest local authority ratio for private housing in the state. The government has promoted the purchase of tenants on favorable terms, and many former social housing areas are now fully or almost wholly privately owned. The housing association now plays an important role in the provision of social housing. Due to the ability of the Irish state to borrow less, government policy prefers to increase the role of private funding of housing associations rather than capital grants to local governments.
Dutch
In the Netherlands, leases for cheaper rental homes are kept low through government oversight and regulation. This type of house is known as sociale huurwoningen .
In practice this is done by a non-profit private residential foundation or association ( toegelaten instellingen ). Due to the frequent merger, the number of these organizations dropped to around 430 (2009). They manage 2.4 million dwellings. Most of the low rent apartments in the Netherlands are owned by such organizations. Because the policy changed in 1995, social housing organizations have become financially independent by focusing on their role as social entrepreneurs. In most of the Dutch municipalities there appears a minimum capacity of certain social housing over the last few decades. In many cities like Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, and Utrecht the percentage of social housing approaches or even passes 50 percent. Public oversight (finance) is done by central funding for housing (Centraal Fonds Volkshuisvesting).
The Dutch housing policy is based on the concept of universal access to affordable housing for all and the prevention of segregation.
Romanian
The skyline of many Romanian cities becomes dominated by standard apartment blocks under the former government's policy of communist construction tower blocks. Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the dismantling and reconstruction of existing villages, towns and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated aim of transforming Romania into a "multilaterally developed socialist society". In 2012, 2.7 million clicks came from the communist period, accounting for 37% of the total housing in Romania and about 70% in cities and towns. After the post-communist privatization, the level of home ownership in this form of housing reached 99.9%. The New Homeowners Association (HOA) is challenged internally by the cumulative effects of the default contribution, the lack of affordability and the established practice of ordinary citizen services in HOAs, which often lead to mismanagement. On the other hand, HOAs are challenged from the outside by ineffective mechanisms to address their internal concerns, such as rapid court procedures that do not exist for default, poor financial aid to socially disadvantaged households and the private sector not ready to do condo management.
Former Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, most of the houses built after World War II were usually 3-5 floors, with small apartments. In the region, the goal is to save space and create as many apartments as possible. Construction that began in the 1970s is preferable housing of nine and 16 storey concrete panels in big cities, 7-12 stories in smaller urban areas.
Spanish
Spain's reluctance to rent homes, and government spending cuts in the 1980s, reduced public housing rent in Spain to a minimum. Public leased homes were relatively common in the Franco era (1939-75). With the advent of democracy and the 1978 Constitution, the management of social housing largely depends on the autonomous region. This results in a variety of laws, which renders the issue highly dependent on the region.
Apart from this, the scheme for viviendas de protecciÃÆ'³n oficial (VPO) has been widely used, consisting of local councils that make it possible to build contractors and developers to build in public places or with public borrowing on condition that a certain percentage of the apartments remain subsidized and under the control of local authorities. This is known as VPO de promociÃÆ'³n privada ( developed privately ), as opposed to VPO de promociÃÆ'³n pÃÆ'ºblica ( publicly developed ), in which all properties are owned and managed by government authorities.
A new plan ("Plan estimate espaà ± a de vivienda y rehabilitación para el perÃÆ'odo 2009-2012") was put forward by the government of RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero, which aims to make nearly one million homes available for public housing, relying on both on new construction and unused home improvements.
Most Spanish cities have been expanded in the last 20 years with projects heavily dependent on public and collective housing projects, which have emphasized its importance in the major architecture schools, which have responded to challenges with the development of several specialized programs and plans for formation, such as Madrid UPM - ETH Zurich combine the MCH Master in Collective Housing.
Swedish
The Swedish public housing is called 'AllmÃÆ'¤nnyttigt bostadsfÃÆ'¶retag', most of which is made of flats owned by local councils. In contrast to his colleagues in England for example, the Swedish Public Housing has never had any income restrictions. By contrast, for most of the period between 1920-1990 (for example, during the Million Program era), public housing firms such as Svenska BostÃÆ'¤der were the main operators in residential projects as well as in projects aimed at acquiring and damaged buildings. Although it has not undertaken residential or acquisition projects in recent years, the policy has led to the existence of public buildings throughout Sweden, including attractive urban areas, with a rather wide range of income among renters.
Policies undertaken in Swedish cities during the first decades of the 21st century have led to tenants of public housing having bought publicly owned buildings in which they lived, which in turn has led to a significant reduction of public buildings in urban areas of interest. area, then leads to an improvement in the development of processes associated with gentrification.
United Kingdom
In Britain, public housing is often referred to by the British public as "housing councils" and "councils of consulates", based on the historical role of district councils and boroughs in running public housing. The construction of a mass council building began around 1920 to replace an older and dilapidated property.
Housing is the main policy area under the Wilson Labor government, 1964-1970, with accelerated pace of new building construction, as there are still many unsuitable housing replacements. The tower block, first built in the 1950s, stood out in this era. The proportion of board housing rose from 42% to 50% of the total housing of the country, while the number of council houses built increased steadily, from 119,000 in 1964 to 133,000 in 1965 and to 142,000 in 1966.
Leaving the demolition, 1.3 million new homes were built between 1965 and 1970. To encourage home ownership, the government introduced the Option Mortgage Scheme (1968), which made low-income home buyers eligible for a subsidy (equivalent to tax credit for interest payments). This scheme has the effect of reducing the cost of housing for low-income buyers.
Since the 1970s, nonprofit housing associations have been operating more and more social housing properties in the UK. From 1996 they are also known as Registered Social Landlords (RSL), and public housing has been referred to as "social housing" to cover both councils and RSL. Although non-profit based, RSL generally imposes a higher rent than the board. However, the Government introduced a "re-structuring lease" policy in 2002, aimed at bringing board and RSL leases to lines in the UK in 2012. Local planning departments may require private sector developers to offer "affordable housing" as a condition of planning permission (section 106 of the agreement). This includes government funding of £ 700 million annually for tenants in the British Empire. In 2012, the Housing Association is now also referred to as "Private Registered Providers of Social Housing" (PRPs).
Local authorities have been discouraged from building council housing since 1979 after the election of Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher as prime minister. Parker Morris standard was abolished for being built, resulting in smaller room sizes and fewer facilities. And the Right to Purchase is introduced, resulting in the pace of some of the best shares of the public leased to private owners.
Since 2000, "option-based lettings" (CBL) have been introduced to help ensure social housing is occupied quickly when tenants move out. It can still support local top non-local prospective renters. In some local authority areas, due to a shortage of council housing, three of the four properties may be designated for priority cases (those living in overcrowded conditions, with medical or welfare needs, or need family support) or homeless applicants instructed to fulfill obligations the law of councils to rebuild those in need. Percentage of properties set aside for vulnerable groups will vary depending on the demand for council housing in the area. All local authorities have a Housing Strategy to ensure that the home council is allowed to be fair and fulfills the legal obligations of the council; dealing with people in need; and contribute to housing sustainability, environmental regeneration, and social inclusion.
The Labor Government of 1997-2010 wants to move the council housing away from the management of local authorities. Initially, this was through the Large Scale Voluntary Transfer (LSVT) shares from the board to the Housing Association (HAs). Not all board properties can be moved, as in some local authorities, their housing stock is in poor condition and have less capital value than the remaining debt from construction costs - in essence, board shares are in negative equity. In some local authority areas, the tenants rejected the transfer option.
The Labor Government introduced a "third way": the Weapons Weapons Management Organization (ALMO), where the housing stock remains with the Local Authority but is managed by a non-profit organization with a distance from the Local Authority. It also introduced the Eligible House program, a capital fund to bring social housing to modern physical standards. To use this fund, the manager, whether ALMO or HA, must achieve a 2 or 3 star rating from its audit by the Audit Commission. This is intended to improve management standards. The landowning council can not access this funding, another incentive to transfer the board's housing management to ALMO or HA.
The government since the early 1990s has also encouraged "mixed ownership" in regeneration areas and in "build-new" housing, offering a variety of ownership and rental options, with a view to designing social harmony through including "social housing" and "affordable housing "option. A recent research report argues that the evidence base for mixing tenurials remains thin. Occupants of social housing can be stigmatized and forced to use poor, separate and less convenient gates compared to unused households whose doors are not subsidized and social housing may be less desirable.
Most UK social housing tenants have the right to exchange homes with other tenants even though their landlords are different. This is called "mutual exchange".
Oceania
Australia
Public housing in Australia is provided by state government departments, with funding provided by state and federal governments. There are over 300,000 residences in public housing in Australia, consisting of low-density housing on planned plantations located on the outskirts of the city, as well as inner-city apartment apartments in Melbourne and Sydney.
In recent decades, rooms and housing aid for the homeless have been privatized, and in recent years this housing has been sold to avoid maintenance costs and take advantage of sales in the booming property market. In Melbourne, public housing stocks have declined for some time, triggering a recent Bendigo street housing campaign in which homeless people are housed in a community campaign in homes left vacant by the state government.
New Zealand
Private companies (such as the New Zealand Company) who built early European settlements in New Zealand built immigration barracks to serve as temporary accommodation for their newcomers.
The 1905 Workplace Employee Law resulted in the Government of New Zealand commissioning the construction of 646 houses.
In 1937, the First Labor Government launched a large public housing system - which became known as "state housing" - for citizens who could not afford to pay private rent. Most of the country housing built between 1937 and the mid-1950s consists of 2-to-3-bedroom cottage-style houses; only 1.5% of state homes in 1949 were part of the apartment block, all in Auckland or in greater Wellington. After World War II ended in 1945, most local governments also began providing social housing, especially for the elderly with low incomes.
See also
- Fuggerei (The oldest social housing complex in the world is still in use.)
- Welfare state
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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