Professional certifications , trade certification , or professional appointments , often called only certification or qualifications , is a name received by a person to ensure qualification to perform a job or task. Not all certificates that use post-nominal letters constitute recognition of educational achievements, or institutions designated to safeguard the public interest.
Video Professional certification
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Certification is a third party endorsement of a person's level of knowledge or ability in a particular industry or profession. They are provided by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certifying bodies. Most certifications are time constrained; some expire after a certain period of time (eg, the lifetime of products that require certification to be used), while others may be updated indefinitely as long as certain conditions are met. Updates typically require continuing education to stay up-to-date on field progress, evidenced by obtaining continuing education credit (KTK), or continuing education units (CEU), from approved approved professional development courses.
Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations, trade organizations, or private vendors interested in upgrading industry standards. Certificate programs are often created or supported by professional associations, but are usually completely independent of membership organizations. Certification is very common in areas such as aviation, construction, technology, the environment, and other industrial sectors, as well as healthcare, business, real estate, and finance.
According to the Guide for the National Professional Certification Program (1997) by Phillip Barnhart, "certifications are portable, as they do not depend on the definition of one company about a particular job" and they provide impartial employers, to individual professional knowledge and experience ".
Certification differs from professional license. In the United States, licenses are usually issued by state agencies, whereas certification is usually provided by professional societies or educational institutions. Getting a certificate is voluntary in some areas, but on the other hand, certification from a government accredited institution may be legally required to perform a particular job or task. In other countries, licenses are usually granted by professional or university communities and require certificates after about three to five years and so on. The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than the license, although sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same, although it is different in terms of legal status.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines standards for becoming a certification body as meeting the following two conditions:
- Provide an independent industry-based assessment of training courses or course providers
- Deliver time-limited credentials to anyone who meets the scoring standard
The Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) is a US-based organization that sets standards for certification accreditation personnel and certificate programs under the Standards for Education and Psychological Testing , joint publication of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council for Measurement in Education (NCME). Many members of the Testing Publishing Association (ATP) are also certification organizations.
Maps Professional certification
Certification type
There are three types of general certifications. Listed in order of development level and portability, they are: enterprise (internal), product-specific, and profession-wide.
Company certification, or "internal", is created by a low risk company or organization for internal purposes. For example, a company may require a one-day training course for all sales staff, after which they receive a certificate. Although this certificate has limited portability - for other companies, for example - this is the easiest to develop.
Product-specific certification is more involved, and is intended to be referenced to products in all apps. This approach is very prevalent in the information technology (IT) industry, where personnel are certified on software or hardware versions. This type of certification is portable across locations (for example, various companies are using the software), but not in other products. Another example is the certification issued to shipping personnel, which is under international standards even for certification bodies, under the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
The most common type of certification is the profession. Certification in the medical profession is often offered by a particular specialty. To apply professional standards, improve the level of practice, and protect the public, professional organizations can establish certification. It is meant to be portable for all certified professional places to work. Of course, this generalization increases the cost of such programs; the process of establishing a legally defensible judgment of the whole profession is vast. An example of this is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), which will not be certified only for one company or one part of accounting software but for public works in the profession.
Professional certificates awarded by the university
Many universities provide professional certificates as awards for completion of educational programs. Professional certificate curriculum most often in focused subjects. Many professional certificates have the same curriculum as a master's degree in the same field. Many other professional certificates offer the same program with a master's degree in the same subjects, but require students to take fewer total courses to complete the program. Some professional certificates have curriculum that is more like a bachelor's degree in the same field. Typical professional certificate programs are between 200-300 hours in size. It is not uncommon for programs to be larger or smaller than that. Most professional certificate programs are open enrollment, but some have admissions processes. Some universities incorporate some of their professional certificates into subclasses they refer to as advanced professional certificates.
Some of the more commonly offered professional certificates include:
- Professional Certificate in Accounting (PCA)
- Professional Certificate in Contract Management (PCCM)
- Professional Certificate in Customer Relationship Management (PCCRM)
- Professional Certificate in Facility Management (PCFM)
- Professional Certificate in Financial Planning (PCFP)
- Professional Certificate in Graphic Design (PCGD)
- Professional Certificate in Human Resources (PCHR)
- Professional Marketing Certificate (PCM)
- Professional Certificate in Paralegal Studies (PCPS)
- Professional Certificate in Project Management (PCPM)
- Professional Certificate in Supply Chain Management (PCSCM)
- Professional Certificate in Store Management (PCSM)
- Professional Certificate in Materials Management (PCMM)
- Professional Certificate in Technical Communication (PCTC)
Advanced professional certificate
Advanced professional certificates are professional credentials designed to help professionals improve their job performance and marketing skills in their respective fields. In many other countries, the certificate is a qualification in higher education. In the United States, certificates may be offered by higher education institutions. These certificates usually indicate that a student has reached a standard of knowledge about a particular vocational subject. Certificate programs can be completed faster than associate titles and often do not have general education requirements.
Advanced professional certificates are the result of an educational process designed for individuals. The certificate is designed for both newcomers to industry as well as experienced professionals. The certificate is awarded by an educational program or academic institution. The completion of the certificate program indicates the completion of a course or a series of courses with a certain concentration different from the degree course. Course content for advanced certificates is established through various sources, such as faculty, committees, instructors, and other subject matter experts in the related field. The ultimate goal of advanced professional certificates is for professionals to demonstrate knowledge of course content at the end of a timed term.
Institutions that offer professional certificates in various fields and industries include:
-
- Georgetown University
- Lesley University
- New York University
- St. John University
- Stanford University
- University of San Francisco
Certification area
Accounting, auditing and finance
There are many professional bodies for accountants and auditors around the world; some of them are legally recognized in their jurisdiction. Public accountants are accounting and control experts who are legally certified in different jurisdictions to work in public practice, certify accounts as legal auditors, eventually selling suggestions and services to other individuals and businesses. Today, however, many work in private companies, the financial industry, and government agencies.
Accounting and external auditing
Aviators are certified through theoretical and in-flight exams. The requirements for certification are quite the same in most countries and are governed by each of the National Aviation Authorities. Existing test certificates or licenses are:
- SPL (Sports Pilot License) granted by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
- PPL (Personal Pilot License) provided by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) or JAA (Joint Flight Authority)
- CPL (Commercial Pilot License) provided by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) or JAA (Joint Flight Authority)
- The ATP (Airline Transport Pilot) provided by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) or JAA (Joint Flight Authority)
Licenses in this category require not only the examination but also the minimum number of flight hours. All categories are available for Fixed Wings (aircraft) and Rotatory-Wing Aircraft (helicopters). Within each category, aviators can also obtain certification at:
- Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
- Multi-engine aircraft
- Turbojet Machine
- Jet Engine
- Experimental aircraft
- amphibious plane
- Seaplanes
Usually, pilots must be certified also in their notebooks for the type and model of aircraft they are allowed to fly. Currency checks and routine medical examinations of 6 months, 12 months, or 36 months, depending on the type of flight permitted are mandatory. Aviators can fly only if held:
- Valid pilot license
- Valid medical certificate
- Valid certification for aircraft type and flight type.
In Europe, ANSP, ATCO & amp; ANSP technicians are certified in accordance with ESARR [1] (in accordance with European Union Regulation 2096/2005 "General Requirements").
Biomedical
- BMD (Biomedical Electronic Technician) provided by the Association of Electronic Technicians
- BIET (Biomedical Electronic Imaging Technician) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
Business
Chiropractic
Communications
In the United States, some communication certifications are granted by the Association of Electronic Technicians.
Computer technology
Certification is often used in the software engineering profession and information technology.
- CITP (Chartered IT Professional) provided by the British Computer Society, the Institute for Engineering and Technology and by other professional engineering bodies in the UK and the commonwealth
Contract Management
CPCM (Certified Professional Contract Manager) yang diberikan oleh National Contract Management Association.
Dance
Awarded by the International Dance Council CID at UNESCO, International Certification of Dance Studies is awarded to students who have completed 150 class hours in a special dance form for Level 1. Another 150 hours are required for Level 2 and beyond to Level 10. This is the only certification international for dance since the International Dance Council CID is the official body for all forms of dance; usually given in addition to local or national certificates, that's why it's called the everyday language of "dance passport". Students can not apply for this certification directly - they must ask their school to apply on their behalf. This certification is provided free of charge, no fees other than membership fees.
The International Dance Council CID at UNESCO administers the International Certification of Dance Studies.
Dentistry
Electronics
In the United States, some electronic certifications are provided by the Association of Electronic Technicians.
Emergency management
EMI Federal Emergency Management Agency offers credentials and training opportunities for US citizens. Students should not be employed by FEMA or become federal employees for some programs.
- Fire Executives Program (EFOP)
- Emergency Management Professional Program (EMPP)
- Teachers Practitioner Training Program (MEPP)
- Integrated Emergency Management Program (IEMC)
- Disaster Field Training (DFTO)
- Master Trainer Program (MTP)
- Important Infrastructure Security and Resilience
- Virtual Top Table Exercises (VTTX)
- Series of Continuity Excellence, Level I and II
- Professional Development Code (PDS) Credentials
- Advance Professional Series (APS) Credential
Engineering
The professional technique shall be any planning, design, preparation, measurement, evaluation, inspection, recommendation, reporting, direction or supervision or other management measures that require the application of engineering principles and which involve the protection of life, health, property, economic interest, public interest or the environment.
- P.Eng. (Professional Engineer), awarded by the provincial licensing agency in Canada.
- Ir. or P.Eng. (Professional Engineers), awarded by the Malaysian Engineers Council (BEM) in Malaysia.
- PE (Professional Engineers), awarded by Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and state licensing bodies in the United States.
- PE (Power Engineer), granted by provincial security authorities in Canada.
- EUR ING (European Engineer), awarded by the Federation of European National Engineering Association (FEANI).
- C.Eng. (Chartered Engineer), awarded by professional engineering agencies in the UK and the Commonwealth.
- SMIEEE (Senior Member of IEEE), professional designation throughout the United States.
- CET (Certified Engineering Technologist) or AScT (Applied Science Technologist), awarded by the provincial licensing agency in Canada.
Event planning
Event planning includes budgeting, scheduling, site selection, obtaining necessary permits, coordinating transport and parking, organizing speakers or entertainers, decorating arrangements, event security, catering, coordinating with third-party vendors, and contingency plans. (Content copied from Event_Management; see page history for attribution.)
General event planning certifications include:
- CMP: Certified Meeting Professional
- CSEP: Certified Special Events Professional
- CPCE: Certified Professionals in Catering and Events
- CGMP: Certified Government Meeting Professional
Facility Management
Facility management can be defined as aspects of engineering management science related to the planning, design, coordination of space and environmental maintenance built to improve the quality management service system. The Service Quality System includes activities such as security, maintenance, catering, and external and internal cleaning. In general, this is also the coordination and harmonization of various specialist disciplines to create the best working environment for staff.
Facility management is an interdisciplinary field devoted to the coordination of space, infrastructure, people and organizations, often associated with the administration of office blocks, arenas, schools, convention centers, shopping complexes, hospitals, hotels, etc. However, FM facilitates a wider range of activities than just business services and this is referred to as a non-core function.
- FMP-Facility Management Professional
- CFM- Certified Facility Manager
- SFP- Professional Sustainability Facilities
Warehouse management
The warehouse management system (WMS) is part of the supply chain and primarily aims to control movement and storage of materials within the warehouse and process related transactions, including shipping, receipt, putaway and retrieval. The system also directs and optimizes putaway stock based on real-time information about bin utilization status. WMS monitors product developments through warehouses. It involves the physical infrastructure of the warehouse, the tracking system, and the communication between the product stations.
More precisely, warehouse management involves the reception, storage and movement of goods, (usually finished goods), to secondary storage locations or to final customers. In multi-echelon models for distribution, there may be multiple warehouse levels. These include central warehouses, regional warehouses (serviced by central warehouses) and potential retail warehouses (serviced by regional warehouses).
Environment
- CEnvP - Certified Environmental Practitioners from Australia and New Zealand (CEnvP)
Environmental health
- CPHI (C) - Certified Public Health Inspector (Canada)
Explosive atmosphere
IECEx covers a very specific field of explosion protection associated with the use of equipment in areas where flammable gases, flammable liquids and dusts may be present. This system provides assurance that equipment is made to meet safety standards, and that services such as installation, repair and repair also comply with the International IEC Safety Standards. The United Nations, through UNECE (UN Economic Commission for Europe), recommends IEC and IECEx as the world best practice model for verification of conformity with International Standards. It publishes the "Common Regulatory Framework" which includes the use of the International Standard of IEC developed by IEC TC (Technical Committee) 31: Equipment for explosive atmospheres, with proof of compliance indicated by IECEx.
Fiber optic and data cable
- RCDD (Registered Communication Distribution Designer) by BICSI
- DCI (Data Cabling Installer) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
- FOI (Optical Fiber Installer) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
- FOT (Fiber Optic Technician) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
- FOT-OSP (Optical Fiber-Outer Technician) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
- FOD (Optical Fiber Designer) provided by the Electronics Technicians Association
- TTT (Termination and Testing Technician) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
Pedigree
- AG (Accredited Genealogist) awarded by the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Pedigree Experts (ICAPGen).
- CG (Certified Genealogist) granted by the Board for Genealogists Certification (BCG).
- CGL (Certified Genealogical Lecturer) provided by the Council for Genealogists Certification (BCG).
Health leadership
- CHE (Certified Health Executive) awarded by the Canadian College of Health Leaders (CCHL)
Hospitality and tourism
- CHA (Certified Hotel Administrator) provided by American Hotel & amp; Lodging Association
- The CMP (Certified Meeting Professional) provided by the Convention Industry Council
- CEM (Certified in Exhibition Management) provided by the International Exhibition and Events Association
Quality information
- CDMP (Certified Data Management Professional) by the International Data Management Association.
Insurance and risk management
In the United States, insurance professionals are licensed separately by each state. Many people look for one or more certifications to differentiate themselves from their peers.
- American College of Financial Services:
- Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU)
- Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC)
- National Alliance for Insurance & amp; Education The study manages Certified Insurance Counselor (CIC)
- The Professional Liability Underwriting Society (PLUS) manages the Registered Professional Helper (RPLU).
Language education
TESOL is a large employment field with varying degrees of regulation. Most provisions around the world are through the state school system of each country, and as such, instructors tend to be trained in primary or secondary school teachers who are native speakers of their pupil language, and not English. Although native English speakers have worked in non-English speaking countries in this capacity for many years, it was not until the last twenty-five years or so that there is a broad focus on training especially for this field. Previously, workers in this kind of work were anyone from backpackers hoping to earn extra travel money for well-educated professionals in other fields doing volunteer work, or retirees. Such people are certainly to be found, but there are many who regard TESOL as their main profession.
One of the problems faced by this full-time teacher is the absence of an international body for certification or an English teacher's license. However, the University of Cambridge and its support body, UCLES, are pioneers in gaining accountability and quality control for English course consumers through their CELTA and DELTA programs. Trinity College London has an equivalent program, CertTESOL and LTCL DipTESOL. They offer early certificate in teaching, where candidates are trained in language awareness and classroom techniques, and are given the opportunity to practice teaching, after which feedback is reported. Both institutions have professional diploma follow-up, usually taken after one or two years in the field. Although the initial certificate is available to anyone with a secondary school education, the diploma is meant to be a post-graduate qualification and can in fact be incorporated into a master's degree program.
Legal affairs
More and more lawyers who choose to be recognized have specific legal expertise. According to the American Bar Association, an attorney who is a certified specialist has been recognized by an independent professional certification organization because it has an improved level of skill and expertise, as well as substantial engagement in established legal specialties. These organizations require lawyers to demonstrate specific training, experience and knowledge to ensure that lawyers' recognition is meaningful and reliable. The attorney's behavior relating to a special certification is regulated by the state.
NBLSC is an American Bar Association (ABA) accredited organization that provides Board Certification for US Attorneys. Board Certification is a rigorous testing and approval process that officially recognizes the extensive educational experience and courtroom of lawyers. NBLSC provides Board Certification for Trial & amp; Trial Lawyer, Civil Lawyer, Criminal Lawyer, Family Lawyer, and Attorney for Social Security Disability.
Logistics and transportation
Logistics is a profession in logistics and transportation, including marine, air, land and rail. Professional qualifications for logistics experts usually carry a post-nominal letter.
The certification body includes, but is not limited to, the Operations Management Association (APICS), the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transportation (CILT), the International Society for Logistics (SOLE), the Canadian Traffic and Transport Institute (CITT), and the Allied Council for Trade and Logistics (ACCL).
Marketing
- CME (Certified Marketing Executive), provided by Sales & amp; Marketing Executives International, Inc...
Minister
The Church has its own process which may use various religious titles. Protestant churches typically require a Master of Divinity, accredited by denominations and ordination by the local church in order for a minister to be a "priest". Such qualifications may or may not authorize the government to engage in marriage
Medicine
Board certification is a process whereby a doctor in the United States documents with a written, practical or computer-based test, describing the mastery of knowledge and skills that define a particular area of ​​medical specialization. The American Medical Specialist Council, a non-profit organization, helps 24 approved medical specialty boards in the development and use of standards in ongoing evaluations and certification of physicians.
Special medical certification in the United States is a voluntary process. While the medical license sets minimum competency requirements for diagnosing and treating patients, it is not specifically specific. Board certification demonstrates outstanding physician expertise in specialized specialties or sub-specialties of medical practice.
Patients, doctors, healthcare providers, insurers and qualified organizations consider certification to be an important measure of their knowledge, experience and skill to provide quality health care within a given specialization.
Other professional certifications include certifications such as medical license, Royal College of Physicians, Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, nursing board certification, diploma in social work. The Certification Commission at the Geriatric Pharmacy states pharmacists who are knowledgeable about the principles of geriatric pharmacotherapy and provision of pharmaceutical care for the elderly. Additional certification bodies related to the medical field include:
- Australian and New Zealand Radiology University columnist
- American College of Emergency Physicians
- Royal Australasian College of Physicians
- Fellowship from Royal College of Surgeons
- College of Emergency Medicine
- Joint Commission for Allied Health Workers at Ophthalmology
- American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography
Encoding and medical billing
- AHIMA (The American Association of Health Information Management)
- AAPC
- Biller Medical Association
Peer support
NCPRP stands for "National Certified Peer Recovery Professional", and NCPRP credentials and exams are developed in collaboration with the International Recovery Professional Certification Agency (ICBRP) and are currently being administered by PARfessionals.
PARfessionals is a professional organization and all courses available are professional development and pre-certification courses.
The NCPRP credentials and examinations focus primarily on the concept of peer recovery through recovery of mental health and addiction. It has the ultimate goal of training prospective students on how to become peer recovery professionals who can provide guidance, knowledge or assistance for individuals who have similar experiences.
Through support from the SJM Family Foundation, PARfessionals has developed the first globally recognized online training program for peer recovery professionals.
Each prospective student must complete several key steps including initial registration; pre-certification review courses; and all applicable parts of the official application to be eligible to complete the final step, which is the NCPRP certification exam.
NCPRP credentials are obtained after the participants successfully pass the NCPRP certification exam with a second attempt and are valid for five years.
Physical asset management
- CMRP - Professional Certified Maintenance and Reliability (CMRP)
- MMP - Professional Maintenance Management
Plumbing
- ASSE (American Society of Sanitary Engineering) - the standard ANSI Accredited developer and certification body
Project management
Organizations that offer a variety of certifications include:
- American Academy of Project Management
- The Project Management Institute
- Stanford University through the Stanford Advanced Project Management Certificate Program
Public relations
In the United States, the Universal Accreditation Board, an organization comprising the American Public Relations Society, the Council on Agricultural Affairs, the National School Relations Association, the Religious Communicators Council and other public relations professional societies, manages the Accreditation in Public Relations (APR), the voluntary certification program for public relations practitioners.
Renewable energy
- PVIP (Professional PV Installation) provided by the North American Certified Energy Practitioners Council
- PVDS (PV Design Specialist) provided by the Council of North American Certified Energy Practitioners
- PVIS (PV Installation Specialist) provided by the Council of North American Certified Energy Practitioners
- PVCMS (PV Commission Specialist & Maintenance Specialist) provided by the North American Certified Energy Practitioners Council
- PVSI (PV System Checker) provided by the Council of North American Certified Energy Practitioners
- PVTS (PV Technical Sales) provided by the Council of North American Certified Energy Practitioners
- SHI (Solar Heating Installer) provided by North American Certified Energy Practitioner
- SHSI (Inspector of Solar Heating System provided by the Council of North American Certified Energy Practitioners
- EVT (Electronic Vehicle Technician) provided by the Association of Electronic Technicians
- PVI (Photovoltaic Installer) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
- SWI (Small Wind Installer) provided by the Electronics Technician Association
Sales
Organizations that offer certification include:
- Sales & amp; International Marketing Executive
- Canadian Professional Sales Association
Security
- ASIS International manages Certified Protection Professionals - Board-Certified in Security Management (CPP)
- ASIS International manages Physical Security Professionals, Board-Certified (PSP)
- ASIS International manages Certified Professional, Board-Certified (PCI) Consultants
- The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners manages Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE)
- The International Foundation of Protection Officers administers Certified Protection Officers (CPO)
- The Society of Payment Security Professionals (SPSP) manages the Certified Payment Card Industry Manager
- A Certified Information System Security Professional (CISSP) from ISC2.org
- The National Sheriff Association manages Certification of Homeland Certified Supporters (CHPP)
- American Related Locksmith manages Registered Dealer Certification (RL)
- Associated Locksmiths of America manages Certified Registered Locksmith (CRL) Certification
- Associated Locksmiths of America manages Certified Professional Locksmith Certification (CPL)
- Associated Locksmiths of America manages Certified Master Locksmith (CML) Certification
- Associated Locksmiths of America manages Certified Professional Certified Professional Safe Technician (CPS) Certified
- Associated Locksmiths of America manages Certified Master Technician Certification (CMST) Certified
- The Security Industry Association manages Certified Security Manager Certification (CSPM)
Speaking
Awarded by the National Speakers Association, the Certified Speaking Professional (CSP) is a professional competency measure of the professional platform of the speaking profession. This certification is awarded by the National Speakers Association. Only about 10% of the speakers are members of the Global Speakers Federation (GSF) who hold this title. Those who have earned their certification have done so by showing a track record of experience and expertise.
Other apps
- The Council of Environmental Engineers of the American Academy declares that licensed environmental engineers (BCEE Certified Environmental Engineer - BCEE) and unauthorized environmental engineering practitioners (BCEEM Certified Environmental Engineering Member) for those with engineering degrees and at least 8 years of practice and responsible for environmental engineering.
- The American Institute of Floral Designers offers two levels of certification for individuals in the field of professional floral design. Certified Floral Designer (CFD) and accredited membership (AIFD) are both designed to establish a gold standard in professional floral design while ensuring certified individuals maintain that standard through advanced education credits. While many state-level interest associations also offer state-level interest rate certification known as Master Florist certification, the AIFD certification is the highest level of professional floral design awarded in the United States.
- The Canadian National Association of Imaging Imaging Technology (AIIT) rewards IIT tagging for infrared thermographers that meet the training standards set by the association. AIIT aims to ensure standards of service delivery and public trust through the setting of training standards, codes of ethics and continuing education.
- The Society for Technical Communications (STC) plans to create a certification program for technical writers in 2011.
- The International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) is the international body that manages the ANSI accredited certification program for arbor experts and tree care specialists. Certifications range from Tree Workers to Arborist Certified to Master Arborist.
Criticism
Political commentators have criticized professional or employment licensing, especially medical and legal licensing, for limiting the supply of services and therefore making them more expensive, often putting them out of the reach of the poor.
The growing IT certification (both offered and achieved) has caused some technologists to question their value. Content ownership that has been distributed on the Internet allows some to get credentials without any depth or breadth implied.
See also
- Academic Inflation
- European professional qualification direction
- Homologation
- Professional Computing Certification Institute
- Product certification
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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