George Horace Gallup (18 November 1901 - July 26, 1984) was the pioneer of American survey sampling techniques and the inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of sampling surveys to measure public opinion.
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Life and career
Gallup was born in Jefferson, Iowa, son of Nettie Quella (Davenport) and George Henry Gallup, a dairy farmer. As a teenager, George Jr., who came to be known as "Ted", will provide milk and use his salary to start newspapers in high school, where he also plays soccer. His high education took place at the University of Iowa, where he was a soccer player, a member of the Beta Iowa chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and editor of The Daily Iowan, an independent newspaper serving the university campus. He got a B.A. in 1923, the title of M.A. in 1925 and his Ph.D. in 1928.
He then moved to Des Moines, Iowa, where he served as head of the Department of Journalism at Drake University until 1931. That year, he moved to Evanston, Illinois, as professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University. The following year, he moved to New York City to join the Young and Rubicam advertising agency as research director (later as vice president from 1937 to 1947). He is also a professor of journalism at Columbia University, but he must surrender this position as soon as he formed his own polling company, American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll), in 1935.
Gallup is often credited as a developer of public polls. In 1932, Gallup voted for his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, a long-lived candidate from winning the position of Iowa State Secretary. With the Democrat landslide that year, he won a stunning victory, advancing Gallup's interest in politics.
In 1936, his new organization achieved national recognition by correctly predicting, from a count of only 50,000 respondents, that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alf Landon in the US presidential election. This is in direct conflict with the highly respected Literary Digest magazine whose polls are based on more than two million returned questionnaires, predicting that Landon will be the winner. Gallup not only gets the election right, he correctly predicts the polls of Literary Digest and uses a smaller random sample of them but is chosen to match them.
Twelve years later, the organization experienced a very embarrassing moment, when predicted that Thomas Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 election, with five to fifteen percentage points. Gallup believes the mistake was largely due to end the vote three weeks before Election Day.
In 1947, he launched the Gallup International Association, an international association of voting organizations.
In 1948, with Claude E. Robinson, he founded Gallup and Robinson, Inc., an advertising research firm.
In 1958, Gallup classified all polling operations under what became The Gallup Organization.
Gallup died in 1984 of a heart attack at his summer home in Tschingel ob Gunten, a village in Bernese Oberland in Switzerland. She is buried at Princeton Cemetery. His wife died in 1988, and their son, author and poll George Gallup, Jr., died in 2011.
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See also
- approval rating
- The Gallup Organization
- Gallup & amp; Robinson
- George H. Gallup House
- Gallup International Association
References
Bibliography
- Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944)
- Cantril, Hadley, and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (1951), a massive compilation of many public opinion polls from the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. online
- Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960 (1987), standard history
- Doktorov, Boris Z. "George Gallup: Biography and Destiny." Moscow: (2011)
- Foley, Ryan J., Gallup Papers Provide a Glimpse of US Polling History , Associated Press (2012)
- Gallup, George. Public Opinion in Democracy (1939)
- Gallup, Alec M. ed. Polled Gallup Combined Index: Public Opinion, 1935-1997 (1999) lists 10,000 questions, but no results
- Gallup, George Horace, ed. Gallup Polls; Public Opinion, 1935-1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes the results of each poll.
- Hawbaker, Becky Wilson. "Taking 'Pulse of Democracy': George Gallup, Iowa, and the Origin of Gallup Polls." The Palimpsest 74 (3) 98-118. Description of the Iowa Gallup year and its impact on its development.
- Lavrakas, Paul J. et al. eds. Presidential and Media News (1995)
- Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995)
- Ohmer, Susan (2006). George Gallup in Hollywood. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12133-0.
- Rogers, Lindsay. The Pollsters: Public Opinion, Politics, and Democratic Leadership (1949)
- Traugott, Michael W. 3rd edition Electoral Guide . (2004)
- Young, Michael L. Polling Dictionary: The Language of Contemporary Opinion Research (1992)
External links
- The Gallup Legacy, from Gallup & amp; Robinson's website
- TIME profile from 1948
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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