Symbiosis (from the Greek ????????? "live together", from "shared" and "live") are all close and long-term biological interactions between two different biological organisms, be they mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. Organisms, each called symbiont , may be the same or different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "a living being with a different organism". This term is subject to the centuries-long debate about whether it should specifically show mutualism, as in lichen; biologists have now abandoned that restriction.
Symbiosis can be mandatory, meaning that one or both symbionts are totally dependent on one another for survival, or facultative (optional) when they can live independently.
Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment; a symbiosis in which the organism has a unity of the body is called a conjunctive symbiosis, and a symbiosis in which they are not united is called disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives in another organism such as mistletoe, it is called ectosymbiosis, or endosimbiosis when one partner lives in another, as in Symbiodinium on the reef.
Video Symbiosis
Definisi
The definition of symbiosis is a matter of 130 years of debate. In 1877, Albert Bernhard Frank used the term "symbiosis" to describe the mutualistic relationship in the moss of the crust. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "unlike organisms." This definition varies among scientists with some advocating that it should only refer to persistent mutualism, while others think it should apply to all continuous biological interactions, in other words mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism, but excluding brief interactions such as predation. Biological and ecological textbooks today use the last "de Bary" definition, or more broadly where symbiosis means all interspecific interactions; a limited definition in which symbiosis means only mutualism that is no longer used.
In 1949, Edward Haskell (1949) proposed an integrative approach, proposing a classification of "co-actions", which was later adopted by biologists as "interaction".
Biological interactions may involve individuals of the same species (intraspecific interactions) or individuals of different species (interspecific interactions). This can be further classified by the mechanism of interaction or strength, duration and direction of its effects.
This table lists intercountry relationships with their influence on each pair.
Mandatory versus facultative
Relationships can be obligatory, which means that one or both symbionts are completely dependent on one another to survive. For example, in moss, which consists of mushroom and photosynthetic symbionts, the fungal partners can not live alone. The symbology of algae or cyanobacteria in the moss, such as Trentepohlia , can generally live independently, and their symbiosis, therefore, is facultative (optional).
Maps Symbiosis
Physical interaction
Endosymbiosis is a symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives in another, either in the cell or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomas, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules at legume roots; the actinomycete nitrogen-binding bacteria called Frankia , living in alder root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients for about 10% -15% of the insects.
Ectosymbiosis is a symbiotic relationship where the symbiosis lives on the surface of the host's body, including the inner surface of the gastrointestinal tract or the exocrine gland channel. Examples include ectoparasites such as ticks, commensal ectosymbionts such as barnacles attached to the jaws of a baleen whale, and mutualis ectosimbion such as a purifier fish.
Competition
Competition can be defined as the interaction between an organism or species, where one's fitness is lowered by another. The limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both usually facilitates this type of interaction, although competition may also exist on other 'facilities', such as women for reproduction (in the case of male organisms the same species).
mutualism
Mutualism or reciprocal altruism interspecies is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit. A mutualistic relationship may be an obligation for both species, obliging one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both.
Most herbivores have mutualistic intestinal flora to help them digest plant material, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This intestinal flora consists of protozoa or bacteria that live in the herbivorous intestine. Coral reefs are the result of mutualism between coral organisms and the various types of algae that live in them. Most land plants and land ecosystems depend on mutualism between plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhizal fungi, which help extract water and minerals from the soil.
An example of mutualism is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that lives between the tentacles of the sea anemon Ritteri. Territorial fish protect the anemones from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the tentacles of the anemone sting protect the clown fish from its predators. Special slime on clownfish protects it from stinging tentacles.
A further example is goby, a fish that sometimes lives with shrimp. The shrimp dig and clean the burrow in the sand where the shrimp and goby fish live. Shrimp are almost blind, making them vulnerable to predators when they are outside their burrows. If there is a danger, the goby touches the shrimp with its tail to warn him. When that happens, the shrimp and goby quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobi fish ( Elacatinus spp. ) also cleans ectoparasites in other fish, perhaps another type of mutualism.
Non-obligate symbiosis is seen in bryozoans and engagement crabs. The bryozoan colony ( Acanthodesia commensale ) develops cirumrotatory growth and offers a helicospiral-tubular extension of the living space originally located in the gastropod shell.
Many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species.
Endosymbiosis
In endosymbiosis, host cells do not have some of the endosymbiont-supplied nutrients. As a result, the host supports the endosymion growth process in itself by producing some special cells. These cells influence the host's genetic composition to regulate the increase in the endosymion population and ensure that genetic changes are passed on offspring through vertical transmission (heredity).
The spectacular example of obligat mutualism is the relationship between siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria living in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. This worm has no digestive tract and is completely dependent on its internal symbionts for nutrition. Bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide or methane, supplied by the host to them. This worm was discovered in the late 1980s in a hydrothermal pit near the Galapagos Islands and has since been found in deep ocean hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all the oceans of the world.
When the endosimbion adapts to the host lifestyle, the endosymbiont changes dramatically. There is a drastic reduction in the size of the genome, because many genes are lost during the metabolism process, and DNA repair and recombination, while important genes that participate in DNA for RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are maintained. The decline in genomic size is due to the loss of protein-coding genes and not due to reduced inter-genetic regions or open loop frame size (ORF). Species that naturally evolve and contain a reduced gene size can be accounted for as an increase in the number of apparent differences between them, thus causing a change in their evolutionary rate. When endosymbiotic bacteria associated with insects are passed on to strictly offspring through vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria pass through many obstacles during the process, resulting in a decrease in the effective population size, compared to free-living bacteria. The inability of endosymbiotic bacteria to return their wild type phenotype through a recombination process is called the Muller ratchet phenomenon. The Muller ratchet phenomenon along with the less effective population size leads to the addition of damaging mutations in the non-essential genes of intracellular bacteria. This can be due to the lack of selection mechanisms applicable in relatively "rich" host environments.
Komensalisme
Komensalism describes the relationship between two living organisms in which one benefit and the other is not significantly impaired or helped. It comes from the English word commensal, which is used for human social interaction. It comes from the Latin word medieval meaning food sharing, formed from com - (with) and mensa (table).
Commensal relationships may involve an organism that uses other organisms for transport (by phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may involve an organism using something created by another creature after its death (metabiosis). An example of metabiosis is a hermit crab using a gastropod shell to protect their body, and spiders build their webs on plants.
Parasitism
In parasitic relationships, the temporary parasitic benefits of host are disadvantaged. Parasitism takes many forms, from endoparasites that live in the host's body to ectoparasites and the parasitic caster that lives on its surface and micropredators like mosquitoes that visit intermittently. Parasitism is a very successful way of life; as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycle, and that is also common in plants and fungi. In addition, almost all free animal species are hosts to parasites, often more than one species.
Mimicry
Mimicry is a symbiotic form in which species adopt different characteristics of other species to alter dynamic relationships with imitated species, for their own benefit. Among the many types of mimicry are the Batesian and MÃÆ'¼llerian, the first involves the exploitation of one side, the latter giving a mutual advantage. Batesian mimicry is an exploitative three-party interaction in which one species, imitates, has evolved to imitate another, a model, to deceive the third, the deceiving. In terms of signaling theory, mimics and models have evolved to send signals; victims of fraud have evolved to accept it from the model. This is the advantage of imitating but for the disadvantages of both models, the protective signals are effectively weakened, and from deceased victims, who are deprived of edible prey. For example, a wasp is a highly defensible model, which signals in stark black and yellow that it is a prey unfavorable to predators such as birds hunting for sight; many fly flies are Batesian mimic wasps, and every bird that avoids these hoverflies is a victim of fraud. In contrast, MÃÆ'¼llerian mimicry is mutually beneficial because all participants are models and imitators. For example, different bee species mimic each other, with similar warning colors in black, white, red, and yellow combinations, and all benefit from the relationship.
Amensalism
Amensalism is an asymmetric interaction in which one species is harmed or killed by another, and one is unaffected by another. There are two types of amensalism, competition, and antagonism (or antibiotics). Competition is where larger or stronger organisms rob people of smaller or weaker resources. Antagonism occurs when a single organism is damaged or killed by another organism through chemical secretions. An example of competition is a sapling grown in the shadow of an adult tree. The mature tree can rob the young trees from the necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take rainwater and deplete the soil nutrients. Throughout the process, mature trees are not affected by young trees. Indeed, if a young tree dies, an adult tree gets the nutrients from a decaying young tree. An example of antagonism is the
A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle step on the grass. While the presence of grass causes negligible adverse effects on the animal's nails, the grass suffers from being destroyed. Amensalism is often used to describe highly asymmetric competitive interactions, as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and the sputum genus of the Timarcha genus that consumes the same type of bush. Although beetles have almost no effect on the availability of food, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on tubers, as they consume large amounts of plant matter and incidentally swallow the bumps on it.
Clean symbiosis
Cleansing symbiosis is a relationship between individuals of two species, where one (cleanser) removes and feeds on parasites and other materials from another surface (the client). This is advantageously mutually beneficial, but biologists have long debated whether it is selfishness, or just exploitative. Cleansing of symbiosis is well known among marine fish, where some small species of cleaner fish, especially weeds but also species in other genera, specifically to feed almost exclusively by cleaning larger fish and other marine animals.
Co-evolution
Symbiosis is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution; many species have a long history of interdependent co-evolution.
Symbiogenesis
Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) are developed by the symbiogenesis of symbiosis between bacteria and archaea. The evidence for this includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of cells, and the observation that some organelles appear to have their own genomes.
Biologist Lynn Margulis, well known for her work on endosymbiosis, argues that symbiosis is the main driving force behind evolution. He considers Darwin's idea of ​​evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on cooperation, interaction, and interdependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life does not take over the world by battle, but with the network."
Co-evolutionary relationship
Mycorrhizas
About 80% of vascular plants worldwide form a symbiotic relationship with fungi, particularly in arbuscular mycorrhizae.
Pollination
Flowering plants and animals that pollinate them evolve together. Many plants pollinated by insects (entomophily), bats, or birds (in ornithophily) have very special flowers modified to promote pollination by certain adapted pollinators. The first flowering plant in the fossil record has a relatively modest interest. Adaptive sweeping quickly generates many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, the corresponding speciation occurs in certain groups of insects. Some groups of plants develop nectar and large pollen, while insects evolved more morphologically to access and accumulate this rich food source. In some plant taxa and insects the relationship becomes dependent, in which plant species can only be pollinated by a single species of insect.
Ants and acacia acacia
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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