The Declaration of the Independence of Israel , officially The Declaration of Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: ????? ), proclaimed on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708) by David Ben-Gurion, Chief Executive of the Zionist Organization of the World and Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine. It states the formation of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, known as the State of Israel, which will apply to the cessation of the British Mandate at midnight that day. The event is celebrated annually in Israel with the National Day holiday Independence Day at 5 Iyar each year according to the Hebrew calendar.
Video Israeli Declaration of Independence
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The possibility of a Jewish homeland in Palestine has been the goal of the Zionist organization since the late 19th century. The British Foreign Minister stated in the 1917 Balfour Declaration:
The views of His Majesty's government by supporting the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jews, and will use their best efforts to facilitate the attainment of this object, it becomes clearly understood that there is nothing to be done that can harm civil and religious rights. the non-Jewish community existing in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in other countries.
After World War I, the British Empire was mandated for Palestine, which it had conquered from the Ottomans during the war. In 1937 the Commission of Peel advocated the partition of the Palestinian Mandate to Arab and Jewish states, although the proposal was rejected because it could not be run by the government and at least partly blamed for the renewal of the 1936-1939 Arab uprising.
In the face of increasing violence after World War II, the British turned this issue to the newly formed United Nations. The result was Resolution 181 (II), a plan to partition Palestine into Independent Arab and Jew Countries and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem . The Jewish State receives about 56% of the land area of ​​the Palestinian Mandate, covering 82% of the Jewish population, although it will be separated from Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by most Jewish populations, but was rejected by most of the Arab population. On November 29, 1947, the resolution to recommend to the United Kingdom, as the Compulsory Authority for the Palestinians, and to all other Members of the United Nations adoption and implementation, with respect to the future Palestinian government, of the Partition Plan with the Economic Union < i> vote in the UN General Assembly.
The result is 33 to 13 support resolution, with 10 abstentions. Resolution 181 (II): PART I: Future Constitution and Palestinian Authority: A. TERMINATION OF MANDATE, PARTITION, AND INDEPENDENCE: Verse 3 provides:
Independent Arab and Jewish Countries and Special International Regimes for the City of Jerusalem,... will appear in Palestine two months after the evacuation of the armed forces of the ruling State has been completed but in any case not later. from October 1, 1948 .
The Arab countries (all opposed to the plan) proposed to demand an International Tribunal of the competence of the General Assembly to partition a country, but the resolution was rejected.
Designing text
The first draft declaration was made by Zvi Berenson, Histadrut's trade union lawyer and then the court of the Supreme Court, at the request of Pinchas Rosen. A revised second draft was made by three lawyers, A. Beham, A. Hintzheimer and Z.E. Baker, and was framed by committees including David Remez, Pinchas Rosen, Haim-Moshe Shapira, Moshe Sharett, and Aharon Zisling. The meetings of the second committee, including David Ben-Gurion, Judah Leib Maimon, Sharett, and Zisling produced the final text.
Minhelet HaAm Vote
On May 12, 1948, Minhelet HaAm (Hebrew: ??????? , lit. People Administration ) was held to vote on declaring independence. Three of the thirteen members were lost, with Judah Leib Maimon and Yitzhak Gruenbaum blocked in besieged Jerusalem, while Yitzhak-Meir Levin was in the United States.
The meeting starts at 1:45 in the afternoon and ends after midnight. The decision was between accepting an American proposal for a ceasefire, or declaring independence. The last option was given for voting, with six out of ten members present supporting it:
- For : David Ben-Gurion, Moshe Sharett (Mapai); Peretz Bernstein (Zionist General); Haim-Moshe Shapira (Hapoel HaMizrachi); Mordechai Bentov, Aharon Zisling (Mapam).
- Fight : Eliezer Kaplan, David Remez (Mapai); Pinchas Rosen (New Aliyah Party); Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit (Sephardim and Oriental Community).
Chaim Weizmann, chairman of the World Zionist Organization and soon to become Israel's first President, backed the decision, after being reported asking "What are they waiting for, idiots?"
The final order
Text text submitted for approval for Moetzet meeting HaAm (Hebrew: ??????? ?, Lit. People's Council >) at the JNF building in Tel Aviv on May 14th. The meeting started at 13:50 and ended at 3:00 pm, an hour before the declaration was made, and despite the ongoing disagreements, unanimously endorsed the final text. During the process, there were two major debates, centered on border and religious issues.
Border
On border issues, the original draft has stated that the borders will be determined by the UN partition plan. While this was supported by Rosen and Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit, it was opposed by Ben-Gurion and Zisling, with Ben-Gurion declaring, "We accept the UN Resolution, but the Arabs are not, they are preparing to fight against us. them and capture western Galilee or territory on both sides of the road to Jerusalem, these areas will be part of the country.Why should we oblige ourselves to accept the boundaries that in any case the Arabs do not accept? "The inclusion of border determination in the text was dropped after the interim government of Israel, Minhelet HaAm, voted 5-4 against it. The Revisionists, committed to a Jewish state on both sides of the Jordan (ie, including Transjordan), wanted the phrase "within its historical limits" to be included but unsuccessful.
Religion
The second major issue is about the inclusion of God in the last part of the document, with the draft using the phrase "and putting our trust in the Almighty". The two rabbis, Shapira and Judah Leib Maimon, argued for inclusion, saying that it can not be eliminated, with Shapira supporting the words "God of Israel" or "The Almighty and Redeemer of Israel". This was strongly opposed by Zisling, a secular Mapam member. In the end the phrase "Rock of Israel" is used, which can be interpreted as referring to God, or the land of Eretz Israel, Ben-Gurion says "Every one of us, in his own way, believes in the 'Stone of Israel' as he envisioned. request: Do not let me put this phrase on voting. "Although its use was still opposed by Zisling, the phrase was received silently.
Name
The authors must also decide on a name for a new country. Eretz Israel, Ever (from the name Eber), Judea, and Zion are all advised, such as Ziona, Ivriya and Herzliya. Judea and Zion were rejected because, according to the division plan, Jerusalem (Zion) and most of the Judean mountains would be outside the new state. Ben-Gurion put forward "Israel" and escaped with a 6-3 vote. The official document released in April 2013 by the Archives of the State of Israel indicates that a few days before the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, officials still debated on what would be called a new state in Arabic: Palestine (Filastin), Zion (Sayoun)) or Israel (Eesra'il). Two assumptions are made: "That an Arab country will be established together with the Jews in accordance with the resolution of the previous year's UN partition, and that the Jewish state will include a large Arab minority whose feelings need to be taken into account." In the end, officials rejected the Palestinian name because they thought it would be the name of a new Arab country and could cause confusion so they chose the easiest option: Israel.
More items
At the May 14 meeting, several other members of Moetzet HaAm suggested the addition of documents. Meir Vilner wanted him to condemn the British Mandate and military, but Sharett said it was out of place. Meir Argov encourages to mention Displaced Persons camp in Europe and guarantees freedom of language. Ben-Gurion agrees with the latter but notes that the Hebrew language should be the main language of the country.
The debate about words does not end completely even after the Declaration has been made. Meir declaration marker David Loewenstein later claimed, "It ignores our only right to Eretz Israel, which is based on God's covenant with Abraham our father, and recurring promises at Tanach, disregarding aliya from Ramban and the students from Vilna Gaon and Ba'al Shem Tov, and [rights] of Jews living in 'Old Yishuv'. "
Maps Israeli Declaration of Independence
Declaration ceremony
The ceremony was held at the Tel Aviv Museum (today known as Independence Hall) but is not widely publicized because it is feared that the British authorities might try to prevent it or that Arab troops might attack earlier than expected. Invitations sent by courier on the morning of May 14th telling the recipient to arrive at 3:30 pm and to keep the event confidential. The event starts at 16:00 (the time chosen to keep from breaking the Sabbath) and is broadcast live as the first transmission from Kol Yisrael's new radio station.
The final draft declaration is typed in the Jewish National Fund building after its approval the previous day. Ze'ev Sherf, who lived in the building to convey the message, forgot to arrange for transportation for himself. Finally, he had to lower the passing car and ask the driver (who was driving the car without a driver's license) to take him to the ceremony. Sherf's request was initially rejected but he managed to persuade the driver to take him. The car was stopped by a policeman as it drove while driving across town even though the ticket was not issued after it was explained that he delayed the announcement of independence. Sherf arrived at the museum at 15:59.
At 4pm, Ben-Gurion opened the ceremony by hitting the hammer on the table, pushing spontaneous rendition of Hatikvah, soon becoming the national anthem of Israel, out of 250 guests. On the wall behind the podium hung a picture of Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism, and two flags, which became the official flag of Israel.
After telling the audience, "Now I'm going to read for you a Roll of State Formation, which has passed the first reading by the National Council", Ben-Gurion goes on to read the declaration, taking 16 minutes, ending with the words "Let's accept the National Foundation Roll Jews rise "and asked Rabbi Fishman to read Shehecheyanu's blessing.
Signatories
As Yishuv's leader, David Ben-Gurion was the first to sign. The declaration will be signed by all 37 members of Moetzet HaAm. However, twelve members could not attend, eleven of them were trapped in besieged Jerusalem and one abroad. The remaining 25 signatories present are summoned in alphabetical order to sign, leaving room for those who are not present. Despite the space left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig was signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name was left alone to isolate him, or to emphasize that even a communist agreed with the declaration. However, Warhaftig later denied this, stating that there was room left for him (because he was one of the signers who were trapped in Jerusalem) where his Hebrew name would be installed alphabetically, but he insisted on signing under his real name so as to honor his father's memory and moved two spaces. He and Vilner will be the last surviving signers, and stay close for the rest of their lives. Of the signatories, two are women (Golda Meir (Meyerson/Myerson) and Rachel Cohen-Kagan).
When Herzl Rosenblum, a journalist, was called to sign, Ben-Gurion instructed him to sign with the name Herzl Vardi, the pen name, as he wanted more Hebrew names in the document. Although Rosenblum approved Ben-Gurion's request and officially changed his name to Vardi, he later admitted regretfully did not sign as Rosenblum. Some other signers later devoted their names, including Meir Argov (Grabovsky), Peretz Bernstein (later Fritz Bernstein), Avraham Granot (Granovsky), Avraham Nissan (Katznelson), Moshe Kol (Kolodny), Judah Leib Maimon (Fishman), Golda Meir (Meyerson/Myerson), Pinchas Rosen (Felix Rosenblueth) and Moshe Sharett (Shertok). Other signers added their own touches, including Saadia Kobashi who added the phrase "HaLevy", referring to the Levi tribe.
After Sharett, the last of the signers, had put his name on paper, the audience was back on its feet and the Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra played "Hatikvah". Ben-Gurion closed the event with the words "The State of Israel has been established! The meeting is postponed!"
Context and after
The declaration was signed in the context of a civil war between Arabs and the Jewish population of the Mandate that began a day after partition voting at the UN six months earlier. Neighboring Arab countries and the Arab League are against voting and have stated that they will intervene to prevent its adoption. In a cable on 15 May 1948 to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States claimed that "the Arab states found themselves compelled to intervene to restore law and order and to examine further bloodshed.".
For several days after the declaration, Egyptian, Trans-Jordanian, Iraqi and Syrian troops engaged Israeli forces inside the recently stopped territory of Mandatory Palestine, thus starting the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. A truce began on June 11, but the battle resumed on July 8 and stopped again on July 18, before starting again in mid-October and finally ended on 24 July 1949 with the signing of a ceasefire agreement with Syria. At that time Israel retained its independence and increased its land area by almost 50% compared to the UN Plan of Distribution in 1947.
Following the declaration, Moetzet HaAm became the Provisional State Council, acting as the legislative body for the new state until the first election in January 1949.
Many signatories will play an important role in Israeli politics after independence; Moshe Sharett and Golda Meir both served as prime minister, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi became president of the two countries in 1952, and others served as ministers. David Remez was the first signatory to the death, died in May 1951, while Meir Vilner, the youngest signer at the age of 29, was the longest living, serving in Knesset until 1990 and died in June 2003. Eliyahu Berligne, the oldest signer of 82, died in 1959.
Eleven minutes after midnight, the United States de facto recognizes the State of Israel. This was followed by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's Iran (who voted against the UN division plan), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay. The Soviet Union was the first country to fully recognize de jure Israel on May 17, 1948, followed by Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Ireland, and South Africa. The United States extended its official recognition after the first Israeli election, as Truman promised on January 31, 1949. Under General Assembly resolution 273 (III), Israel was accepted to become a member at the United Nations on May 11, 1949.
In the three years after the 1948 Palestinian war, some 700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel, mainly settled along the border and in the former Arab land. About 136,000 were some of the 250,000 Jewish refugees from World War II. And from the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 to the early 1970s, 800,000-1,000,000 Jews left, fled, or expelled from their homes in Arab countries; 260,000 of them reached Israel between 1948 and 1951; and 600,000 in 1972.
At the same time, a large number of Arabs went, fled or were expelled from, what became Israel. In the Report of the Technical Committee on Refugees (Addressed to the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine in Lausanne on September 7, 1949) - (A/1367/Rev.1) , in paragraph 15, estimates from statisticians , which the Committee believes as accurate as the circumstances permitted, indicates that the refugees from the Israeli-controlled territory number around 711,000.
Status in Israeli law
Paragraph 13 of the Declaration states that the State of Israel will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the prophets of Israel; it will ensure the full equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; . However, the Knesset argues that the declaration is not an ordinary law or document. The Supreme Court has ruled that guarantees are merely guiding principles, and that the declaration is not a constitutional law that makes practical decisions on enforcement or cancellation of various ordinances and laws.
In 1994 the Knesset changed the two basic laws, Human Dignity and Freedom and Occupation Freedom, introducing (among other changes) the statement that "fundamental human rights in Israel would be respected (...) in the spirit of principles which included in the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel. "
Rolls
Although Ben-Gurion had told the audience that he was reading from the scroll of independence, he actually read from handwritten notes because only the bottom of the scroll was finished by artist and calligraphy Otte Wallish at the time of the declaration (he did not complete the whole document until June). The scrolls, which are tied together in three parts, are generally kept in the National Archives of the country.
Official translation
Translation of the Declaration by the Foreign Ministry of Israel.
The land of Israel is the birthplace of the Jews. Here their spiritual, religious and political identities are formed. Here they first attained statehood, created cultural values ​​of national and universal significance and gave to the eternal Book Book world.
After being forcibly exiled from their land, people remain faithful to it along their Dispersions and never stop praying and hope to return there and to restoration in it their political freedom.
Driven by this historic and traditional engagement, the Jews struggle in every subsequent generation to rebuild themselves in their ancient homeland. In the last few decades they returned to their mass. Pioneers, ma'pilim [(Hebrews) - immigrants who came to Eretz-Israel against the restrictive laws] and defenders, they built a flowering desert, revived the Hebrew language, built villages and towns, and created a thriving community managing their own economics and culture, peace loving but knowing how to defend themselves, bring blessings to progress for all the inhabitants of the country, and aspire to an independent nationality.
In 5657 (1897), the Jewish State spiritual father, Theodore Herzl, the First Zionist Congress held and declared the rights of the Jews for national rebirth in his own country.
This right was recognized in the Balfour Declaration on November 2, 1917, and reaffirmed in the League Mandate of the Nations which, in particular, imposed international sanctions against historical relations between the Jews and Eretz-Israel and to the right of the Jews to rebuild its National House.
The recent catastrophe of the Jews - the slaughter of millions of Jews in Europe - is another clear demonstration of the importance of solving homeless problems by rebuilding in Eretz-Israel, the Jewish State, which will open a vast gateway for every to the Jews and to grant the Jews the status of a truly privileged member of respect for the nations.
The survivors of the Nazi massacre in Europe, as well as the Jews from other parts of the world, continued to migrate to Eretz-Israel, unperturbed by difficulties, limitations and dangers, and never ceased to assert their right to a life of dignity, freedom and work hard in their national homeland.
In World War II, the Jewish community in this country contributed entirely to the struggle of peace-loving nations and against the forces of Nazi crime and, with the blood of soldiers and their war effort, acquired the right to be reckoned among the men who established the UN.
On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly issued a resolution calling for the establishment of the Jewish State in Eretz-Israel; The General Assembly requires the people of Eretz-Israel to take the necessary steps on their part for the implementation of the resolution. Recognition by the United Nations of the rights of these Jews to form their State can not be revoked.
This right is the natural right of the Jews to become masters of their own destiny, like all other nations, in their own sovereign State.
BECAUSE WE, MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF, REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMMUNITY JEWISH Eretz-Israel and the Zionist movement, HERE ARE DESIGNED ON TERMINATION OF MANDATE ENGLAND DURING Eretz-ISRAEL AND, BY VIRTUE OF THE NATURE AND history OUR RIGHT AND ON THE BASIS OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS , THIS DECISION OF YAHUDI RETURN OF ERETZ-ISRAEL, KNOWLEDGE AS ISRAEL COUNTRY.
WE REPRESENT that, with the effect of the termination of the Mandate being this evening, the Sabbath night, the 6th Iyar, 5708 (May 15, 1948), until the elected establishment, the regular authority of the State in accordance with the Constitution to be adopted by the Selected Constituent Assembly no more than 1 October 1948, the People's Council shall act as the Provisional State Council, and its executive organs, the People's Administration, shall become the Provisional Government of the Jewish State, called "Israel".
THE ISRAEL COUNTRY will be open to Jewish immigration and to the Gathering of the Disappeared; it will encourage the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice, and peace as envisioned by the prophets of Israel; this shall ensure full equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will protect the Holy Place from all religions; and it will be faithful to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
COUNTRY ISRAEL is ready to work with the bodies and representatives of the United Nations in implementing the resolution of the General Assembly on November 29, 1947, and will take steps to create economic unity from all Eretz-Israel.
WE APPEARE to the UN to assist the Jews in building the State and to accept the State of Israel into respect for the nations.
OUR APPEALS - in the midst of the onslaught launched against us now for months - to the Arab population of the State of Israel to keep the peace and participate in the development of the country on the basis of full and equal citizenship and fair representation in all countries. provisional and permanent institutions.
WE FOUND our hands to all the neighboring countries and their people in the offer of good peace and togetherness, and begged them to forge bonds of cooperation and mutual assistance with sovereign Jews who settled on their own land. The State of Israel is ready to do its part in a joint effort to progress throughout the Middle East.
WE COMPARE TO JEWS across the Diaspora to rally the rounds of the Jews from Eretz-Israel in immigration and development duties and to stand next to them in the great struggle to realize the ancient dream - the redemption of Israel.
PUT OUR TRUST IN THE "ISRAEL CUBE", WE SHOW OUR SIGNS FOR THIS PROCLAMATION ON THIS SITE STATE PROVISIONAL COUNTRY, IN LAND IN HOME, IN TEL-AVIV CITY, ON THIS SABBATH, 5 DAY IYAR, 5708 (14 WEEKS , 1948).
See also
- Balfour Declaration
- British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)
- Palestinian Required
- Churchill White Paper
- 1929 Palestinian riots
- Passfield white paper
- The 1939 White Book
- The UN Plan of Partition for Palestine
- Records of the Israeli Declaration of Independence
- 1948 Arab-Israeli War
- Palestinian Declaration of Independence
- Yom Ha'atzmaut
- List of international declarations
Note
References
External links
- Proclamation of Independence: Official Gazette: Number 1; Tel Aviv, 5 Iyar 5708, 14.5.1948 Page 1
- Declaration of Establishment of the State of Israel at Jewish Virtual Library
- US. Recognition de facto Israeli government
- "Signatorius", the exhibition held at the Engel Gallery deals with the declaration of independence in the art of Israel.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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