The Indian independence movement includes activities and ideas aimed at ending the rules of the East India Company (1757-1857) and the Kingdom of Great Britain (1857-1947) in the Indian subcontinent. This movement spanned a total of 90 years (1857-1947).
The first militant movement to be held was in Bengal, but they then took a movement in the newly formed Indian National Congress with a prominent moderate leader who only sought their basic right to appear in the Indian Civil Service (British India) exam, as well as more rights, economics in nature, for people from the land. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach to self-government proposed by leaders such as Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. The last stage of the struggle for self-government from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt a policy of nonviolence and civil disobedience Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, and several other campaigns. Nationalists such as Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Bagha Jatin teach armed revolution to achieve self-government. Poets and writers such as Subramania Bharati, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Iqbal, Josh Malihabadi, Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam use literature, poetry and speech as tools for political awareness. Feminists like Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promote the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics. B. R. Ambedkar fought for the cause of the less fortunate parts of Indian society in the larger self-government movement. The World War II period witnessed the culmination of the Congress-led Quit India Movement campaign, and the Indian National Army movement led by Subhas Chandra Bose.
India's self-government movement is a mass-based movement that encompasses various parts of society. It also undergoes a constant process of ideological evolution. Although the basic ideology of the movement was anti-colonial, it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development combined with the secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structures. After the 1930s, the movement took a strong socialist orientation, due to the influence of Bhagat Singh's request on Purn Swaraj (Self-Regulation). The work of these movements ultimately led to the 1947 Indian Independence Act, which ended power in India and the establishment of Pakistan. India remained the Dominion of the Crown until Jan. 26, 1950, when the Indian Constitution began to take effect, establishing the Republic of India; Pakistan was a territory until 1956, when he adopted his first republican constitution. In 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Video Indian independence movement
Background (1757-1883)
Early British colonialism in India
European merchants first reached the coast of India with the arrival of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 in the port of Calicut, in search of a lucrative spice trade. Over a century later, the Dutch and British established trading posts on the continent, with the first British trading post established in Surat in 1613. During the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, England defeated Portuguese and Dutch militarily but remained in conflict with the French, who at that time sought to establish themselves on the continent. The decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the 18th century provided an opportunity for the British to build a strong foothold in Indian politics. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, where Indian Indian Army Indian Company under Robert Clive defeated Siraj ud-Daulah, Nawab of Bengal, the Company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs, and soon after it obtained administrative rights over the territory of Bengal, Bihar and Midnapur part of Orissa, after the Battle of Buxar in 1764. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan, most of South India came either under the direct control of the Company, or under indirect political control as part of a princely state in a subsidiary alliance. The company then controlled the area ruled by the Maratha Empire, after defeating them in a series of wars. Punjab was annexed in 1849, after the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) and Second (1848-49).
English became the medium of instruction in Indian schools in 1835, and many Indians increasingly disliked British rule. Britain tried to impose Western education and cultural standards on the Indian masses, believing in the 18th century racist notion of Western cultural superiority and enlightenment.
Early insurgency
Puli Thevar is one of the opponents of British power in India. He was in conflict with the British-backed Nawab of Arcot. His prominent exploitation was his confrontation with Marudhanayagam, who then rebelled against England in the late 1750s and early 1760s. Nelkatumseval, Distir Tirunelveli in the state of Tamil Nadu in India is the headquarters of Puli Thevan.
Syed Mir Nisar Ali Titumir; 27 January 1782 - November 19, 1831) was an Islamic preacher who led a peasant uprising against the Hindu zamindars, British India during the 19th century. Together with his followers, he built a bamboo fort (Bansher Kella in Bengali) in the village of Narkelberia, which was passed into the legend of the Bengali people. After the raid by the British army, Titumir died of his wounds on November 19, 1831.
The toughest resistance company offered by Mysore. The Anglo-Mysore Wars is a series of wars fought over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore on one side, and the British East India Company (represented mainly by the Madras Presidency), and Maratha Confederacy and Nizam of Hyderabad on the other. Hyder Ali and his successor, Tipu Sultan, fought on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south and east, while Maratha and Nizam forces invaded from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of houses of Hyder Ali and Tipu (who were killed in the last war, in 1799), and Mysore's demolition for the benefit of the East India Company, which won and took over most of India.
Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja was one of the earliest freedom fighters in India. He was the regent prince of the country of Prince Kottiyur or Cotiote in North Malabar, near Kannur, India between 1774 and 1805. He fought a guerilla war with the tribesmen of Wynad support him. He was captured by the British and his fort was flattened to the ground.
Rani Velu Nachiyar (1730-1796), was the Sivaganga Indian queen from 1760 to 1790. She was the first queen to fight against England in India. Rani Nachiyar trained in the use of weapons of war, martial arts such as Valari, Silambam (fight using a stick), horseback riding and archery. He is a scholar in many languages ​​and he has language skills such as French, English and Urdu. When her husband, Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar, was killed by the British army and the son of Nawab of Arcot, he was drawn to the battlefield. He formed troops and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali with the intention of attacking England, which he did successfully battle in 1780. When Rani Velu Nachiyar found the place where England kept his ammunition, he arranged a suicide attack: a faithful follower, Kuyili, watering himself in oil, burning himself and walking into the barn. Rani Velu Nachiyar formed a female soldier named "udaiyaal" to honor her adopted son, Udaiyaal, who died blowing up British armaments. Rani Nachiyar was one of the few rulers who regained his kingdom, and ruled over ten years.
Veerapandiya Kattabomman is a Polygar and 18th-century tribal chief of Panchalankurichi in Tamil Nadu, India who fought a war against the East India Company. He was arrested by the British and was suspended in 1799 CE. Kattabomman refused to accept East India Company's sovereignty, and fought against them. Dheeran Chinnamalai is a tribal chief of Kongu and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who fought against the East India Company. After the death of Kattabomman and Tipu Sultan, Chinnamalai sought Marathas and Maruthu Pandiyar's help to attack the British in Coimbatore in 1800. The British troops managed to halt allied forces and hence Chinnamalai was forced to attack Coimbatore himself. His army was defeated and he fled the British army. Chinnamalai was involved in guerrilla warfare and defeated the British in battle at Cauvery in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804.
In September 1804, King Khordha, Kalinga was deprived of traditional rights of the Jagannath Temple which was a serious surprise for the King and the Odisha. Consequently, in October 1804 a group of armed Paiks attacked the British in Pipili. This event worries the power of England. Jayee Rajguru, the head of the Kalinga Army asked all the country's kings to join hands for a common goal against England. Rajguru was assassinated on December 6, 1806. After Rajguru's death, Bakshi Jagabandhu ordered an armed rebellion against the government of the East India Company in Odisha known as the Paik Rebellion.
The 1857 Rebellion
The Indian uprising of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion in northern India and was against the power of the British East India Company. It was suppressed and the British government took over the company. The conditions of the military and cantonal services within the company increasingly collide with religious beliefs and the prejudices of the securities. The dominance of members of the upper caste in the army, considered to be losing caste due to travel abroad, and the secret design rumors of the government to turn them into Christianity led to deep dissatisfaction among the descents. The lamas are also disappointed with their low salaries and racial discrimination practiced by British officials in promotional matters and privileges. British indifference to prominent native Indian rulers such as Mughal and ex-Peshwas and Oudh annexation are political factors that spark dissent among Indians. The annexation policy of the Marquess of Dalhousie, the doctrine of irregularities (or escheat) applied by the British, and the projected displacement of the Great Mughal descendants of their ancestral palace in the Red Fort to Qutb Minaar (near Delhi) also angered some people. people.
The last spark was given by the use of rumored from the fat (from the cow) and the lard (pork fat) in the newly introduced Pattern Enser Pattern 1853 cartridge. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before putting them in their rifles, and the presence of religiously reported cow and pork fat offends both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
Mangal Pandey, a 29-year-old sepoy, is believed to be responsible for inspiring Indian royalty to rise against the British. Pandey rebelled against his military regiment to protect the cow, which is considered sacred by Hindus. In the first week of May 1857, he killed a higher officer in his regiment in Barrackpore for the introduction of the rule. He was arrested and sentenced to death when Britain regained control of the regiment. On May 10, 1857, the devotees in Meerut ruined the rank and ignited their commanding officers, killing several of them. They arrived in Delhi on May 11, setting up the company's toll house on fire, and marched to the Red Fort, where they asked the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, to be their leader and retake his throne. The Emperor was initially reluctant, but eventually agreed and proclaimed as Shehenshah-e-Hindustan by the rebels. The rebels also killed many Europeans, Europeans, and Christians in the city.
The rebellion broke out in other parts of Oudh and the North-West Province as well, where civil rebellion followed a rebellion, leading to a popular uprising. Britain was initially caught off guard and thus slow to react, but ultimately responded with force. The lack of an effective organization among the rebels, coupled with British military superiority, quickly ended the insurgency. Britain against the main rebel forces near Delhi, and after prolonged battles and siege, defeated them and reclaimed the city on September 20, 1857. Subsequently, rebellion in other centers was also destroyed. The last significant battle occurred at Gwalior on June 17, 1858, in which Rani Lakshmibai was killed. Sporadic battles and guerrilla warfare, led by Tatya Tope, continued until spring 1859, but most of the rebels were eventually subdued.
The Indian uprising of 1857 was a major turning point in the history of modern India. While affirming British military and political power, it led to a significant change in how India is controlled by them. Under the Indian Government Act 1858, the Company was stripped of its involvement in governing India, with its territory being transferred to the direct authority of the British government. At the height of the new system is a Cabinet minister, the Secretary of State for India, which will be formally recommended by the legal council; The Governor-General of India (Viceroy) is accountable to him, while he is in turn accountable to the government. In a royal proclamation made for the people of India, Queen Victoria promised equal opportunities for public service under English law, and also promised to respect the rights of indigenous princes. Britain halted the land acquisition policy of the princes, decided on religious tolerance and began to recognize Indians into civil service (albeit primarily as subordinates). However, they also increased the number of British soldiers associated with indigenous Indians, and only allowed British troops to deal with artillery. Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon, Burma, where he died in 1862.
In 1876, in a controversial move Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli approved the Queen's request and passed a law to give Queen Victoria an additional Queen of India title. The liberals in Britain objected that the title was foreign to the English tradition.
Awaken organized movement
The decade after the Uprising was a period of heightened political consciousness, the manifestation of Indian public opinion and the emergence of Indian leadership at national and provincial levels. Dadabhai Naoroji formed the East India Association in 1867 and Surendranath Banerjee founded the National Association of India in 1876. Inspired by the suggestions made by A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, seventy-two Indian delegates met in Bombay in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress. They are predominantly western-educated and progressive provincial elite members involved in professions such as law, instruction, and journalism. At the beginning of its founding, Congress lacked a well-defined ideology and ordered some important resources for a political organization. Rather, it serves more as a debating society that meets annually to express its loyalty to the British Raj and passes resolutions on less controversial issues such as civil rights or governmental opportunities (especially in civil service). This resolution was submitted to the Viceroy government and occasionally to the British Parliament, but early Congress gains little. "Despite claims representing all of India, Congress voiced the interests of the urban elite, the number of participants from other social and economic backgrounds remains negligible." However, this period of history is still important because it is India's first political mobilization, coming from all parts of the continent and first articulation of the notion of India as a nation, not a collection of independent prince states.
The influence of socio-religious groups such as Arya Samaj (started by Swami Dayan and Saraswati) and Brahmo Samaj (founded by King Ram Mohan Roy and others) became clear in pioneering the reform of Indian society. The work of people like Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna, Sri Aurobindo, VO Chidambaram Pillai, Subramanya Bharathy, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Rabindranath Tagore and Dadabhai Naoroji, as well as women like Nivesita from Scotland-Ireland spread spirits for rejuvenation and freedom. The rediscovery of indigenous history of India by some European and Indian scholars also feeds into the rise of nationalism among Indians.
Maps Indian independence movement
The rise of Indian nationalism (1885-1905)
In 1900, although Congress has emerged as a political organization throughout India, it does not have the support of most Indian Muslims. Attacks by Hindu reformers on religious conversion, slaughter of cows, and the preservation of Urdu in Arabic writings deepen their concerns about minority status and the rejection of rights if Congress itself represents the people of India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched a movement for Muslim regeneration that culminated in the establishment in 1875 from Anglo-Oriental Mohammed University in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (renamed Aligarh Muslim University in 1920). The goal is to educate wealthy students by emphasizing the compatibility of Islam with modern western knowledge. The diversity among Indian Muslims, however, makes it impossible to bring uniform cultural and intellectual regeneration.
Nationalistic sentiments among members of Congress led the movement to be represented in the body of government, to have a voice in Indian law and administration. Members of Congress see themselves as loyalists, but want an active role in governing their own country, though as part of the Empire. This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji, who went so far as, to succeed, to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, to become the first Indian member.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first Indian nationalist to embrace Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. Tilak strongly opposes the British education system that ignores and slanders Indian culture, history, and values. He hates the rejection of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of a voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For this reason, he regarded Swaraj as the natural and sole solution. His popular phrase "Swaraj is my birthright, and I will have it" is a source of inspiration for Indians.
In 1907, Congress was divided into two factions: The radical, led by Tilak, advocated civic agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and abandon everything English. The moderate , led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other wanted a reform within the framework of British government. Tilak is supported by rising public leaders such as Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who share the same point of view. Below them, the three Indian states - Maharashtra, Bengal, and Punjab formed the demands of Indian people and nationalism. Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and chaos. But the 1906 Congress lacked public membership, so Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.
But with Tilak's arrest, all hopes of an Indian attack stalled. Congress lost credibility with the people. A Muslim deputy met Viceroy, Minto (1905-10), seeking concessions from upcoming constitutional reforms, including special considerations in government service and voters. Britain recognized several Muslim League petitions by increasing the number of elective posts reserved for Muslims in the 1909 Council of India Act. The Muslim League insisted on its separation from the Hindu-dominated Congress as the voice of "nation within a nation".
Ghadar Party was formed overseas in 1913 to fight for Indian Independence with members from the United States and Canada, as well as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Party members aimed at Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim unity against the British.
Bengal Partition, 1905
In July 1901, Lord Curzon, Viceroy and the Governor-General (1899-1905) ordered the partition of the suspected Bengal province for improvement in administrative efficiency in a large and densely populated area. However, the Indians viewed the partition as an attempt by the British to disrupt the growing national movement in Bengal and divide Hindus and Muslims in the region. Bengali Hindu intellectuals have a profound influence on local and national politics. The partition made Bengali angry. Not only does the government fail to consult Indian public opinion, but it appears to reflect the British's determination to divide and rule. Widespread agitation took place on the streets and in the media, and Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of swadeshi, or indigenous industry. A growing movement emerged, focusing on indigenous Indian industry, finance, and education, which saw the founding of the National Education Council, the birth of financial institutions and Indian banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus show unity by tying Rakhi on their wrists and observing Arandhan (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists such as Sri Aurobindo, Bhupendranath Datta, and Bipin Chandra Pal began writing deadly newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as Jugantar and
The English newspaper, The Empire, wrote:
" Khudiram Bose was executed this morning... Allegedly he climbed up the scaffold with his body erect.He was cheerful and smiling. "
All Indian Muslim League
The All-India Muslim League was founded by the Muhammad Muhammadiyah Educational Conference of India in Dhaka (now Bangladesh), in 1906, in the context of the resulting state of Bengal separation in 1905. Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim diaspora in British India, the decisive role behind the formation of Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent.
In 1916, Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, which is India's largest political organization. Like most Congresses at the time, Jinnah did not like self-government, given Britain's influence on education, law, culture and industry that benefited India. Jinnah became a member of the Empire's Legislative Council sixty members. The council has no real power or authority, and includes a large number of pro-Raj's loyal supporters and Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the adoption of the Child Marriage Detention Law, the legitimacy of Islamic waqf and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun. During the First World War, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in support of the British war effort.
First World War
The First World War began with unprecedented support for Britain from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to the early British fear of the Indian uprising. India contributed greatly to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian troops and laborers work in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, while the Indian government and princes send large supplies of food, money and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remain a hotbed of anti-colonial activity. Nationalism in Bengal, increasingly closely tied to the unrest in Punjab, was significant enough to almost paraly local government, while a conspiracy failed to be made by revolutionaries to spark a nationalist insurgency in India.
None of the revolutionary conspiracies had any significant impact in India. The prospect of subversive violence and its effect on popular war effort drew support among the Indian population for specific acts against anti-colonial activities in the form of the Indian Defense of 1915, and no major rebellion took place. However, the war time conspiracy did cause a deep fear of rebellion among British officials, preparing them to use extreme power to frighten the Indians into submission.
Nationalist response to war
In the aftermath of the First World War, high casualty rates, rising inflation due to large taxation, widespread influenza epidemics and trade disruptions during the war increased human suffering in India.
The pre-war nationalist movement was revived when moderate and extremist groups within the Congress drowned their differences to stand as a whole. They argued that their enormous service to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward, and demonstrated India's ability to govern itself. In 1916, Congress succeeded in forging the Lucknow Pact, a temporary alliance with the Muslim League on issues of devolution of political power and the future of Islam in the region.
English Reform
The UK itself adopted a "carrot and stick" approach in recognition of Indian support during the war and in response to renewed nationalist demands. In August 1917, Edwin Montagu, the secretary of state for India, made a historic announcement in Parliament that Britain's policy for India was "to increase the association of Indians in every branch of government and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realization of the responsible in India as an integral part of the British Empire. "The way to reach the proposed size was then enshrined in Indian Government Act, 1919, which introduced the dual administrative mode of administration, or diarki, in which both elected Indian legislators and appointed British officials shared power. The action also extends the central and provincial legislatures and extends the franchise significantly. The diarchy drives some real changes at the provincial level: some non-controversial or "transferred" portfolios, such as agriculture, local government, health, education and public works, are left to Indians, while more sensitive issues such as finance, taxation and law and order maintenance is maintained by British administrators at the provincial level.
Gandhi arrives in India
Gandhi has been the leader of the Indian nationalist movement in South Africa and has become a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and cruel labor treatment as well as pressing police controls such as The Rowlatt Acts. During this protest, Gandhi had perfected the concept of satyagraha, which had been inspired by the philosophy of Baba Ram Singh (famous for leading the Kuka Movement in Punjab in 1872). In January 1914 (long before the First World War began) Gandhi succeeded. The law against the Indians was lifted and all Indian political prisoners released by General Jan Smuts. Gandhi achieved this through the extensive use of nonviolent protests, such as boycotts, marching protests, and fasting by him and his followers.
Gandhi returned to India on January 9, 1915, and initially entered a political struggle not with a call for the nation-state, but to support an integrated, trade-oriented region demanded by the Congress Party. Gandhi believes that the industrial development and educational development brought by the Europeans with them is needed to reduce many of India's problems. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a veteran congressman and Indian leader, became Gandhi's mentor. Gandhi's ideas and strategies on nonviolent civil disobedience at first seemed impractical to some Indians and members of Congress. In Gandhi's own words, "civil disobedience is a civil offense against the imposition of immoral law." It must be done non-violently by attracting cooperation with corrupt countries. Gandhi greatly respects Lokmanya Tilak. The program is all inspired by Tilak's "Chatusutri" program. It was at this point that he met the Prophet Ryan Chart, where he established some of his most spiritual messages with his English counterpart.
The positive impact of the reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the Rowlatt Act, named after a recommendation made the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Committee. The commission was set up to look into a war-time conspiracy by a nationalist organization and recommend steps to address problems in the post-war period. Rowlatt recommends an extension of the Indian Defense-era war that acts in the postwar period. The time-war law has moved the Viceroy government with extraordinary powers to quell incitement by silencing the press, holding political activists without trial, and arresting any individual suspected of incitement or betrayal without a warrant. It is increasingly reviled in India because of widespread and indiscriminate use. Many popular leaders, including Annie Beasant and Ali's brothers, have been arrested. Therefore, Rowlatt's actions were passed before the universal opposition among the Indian (unofficial) members of the Viceroy council. The extension of the law invited a lot of opposition and criticism. In protest, national termination of employment ( hartal ) is called, marking the beginning of widespread dissatisfaction, though not nationally, popular.
The agitation launched by these actions led to the British attack on demonstrators, which culminated on 13 April 1919, in the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh (also known as Amritsar Massacre) in Amritsar, Punjab. The British military commander, Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, blocked the main entrance, and just entered, and ordered his troops to shoot into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of about 15,000 men, women and children. They had gathered peacefully in Jallianwala Bagh, a walled courtyard, but Dyer wanted to execute a ban imposed on all meetings and proposed to teach all Indians a lesson the hard way. A total of 1,651 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (according to British official commissions, estimates of Indian officials ranging as high as 1,499 and injuring 1,137 in the massacre.) Dyer was forced to retire but was hailed as a hero in the UK. , pointing out to Indian nationalists that the Empire is bound by public opinion in Britain, but not in India. The episode dispersed wartime hopes about home governance and goodwill and opened a gap that could not be bridged by a complete self-government.
The first non-cooperative movement
From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Congressional hearing in Kolkata in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a noncooperative movement to support Khilafat as well as for ruling status. The first satyagraha movement urged the use of khadi and material of India as an alternative to those sent from Britain. It also urges people to boycott educational institutions and British courts of justice; withdraw from government work; refuse to pay taxes; and abandoned the British title and honor. Though it came too late to influence the new framing of the Indian Government Act 1919, the movement enjoyed broad popular support, and unrivaled unparalleled intrusions posed a serious challenge to foreign rulers. However, Gandhi canceled the movement because he was afraid after the Chauri Chaura incident, which saw the deaths of twenty-two policemen at the hands of angry mobs.
Membership in the party is open to anyone who is prepared to pay a sign fee, and the committee hierarchy is formed and made responsible for the discipline and control over the movement that has until now been amorphous and spreading. The party was transformed from an elite organization to one of national attractiveness and participation.
Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years in prison, but was released after serving two. After his release from prison, he founded Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, on the banks of the Sabarmati River, founded the Young India newspaper, and inaugurated a series of reforms aimed at socially disadvantaged people in Hindu society - the rural poor, and the untouchables.
This era saw the emergence of a new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party, including C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose and others - who would then come to form prominent voices of the self-government movement of India, - Gandhi's value, or, as in the case of the Bose Indian National Army, deviates from him.
The Indian political spectrum expanded in the mid-1920s with the emergence of moderate and militant parties, such as Swaraj Party, Hindu Mahasabha, Indian Communist Party and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Regional political organizations also continue to represent non-Brahmin interests in Madras, Mahars in Maharashtra, and Sikhs in Punjab. However, people like the Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi, Vanchinathan, and Neelakanda Brahmachari play a leading role from Tamil Nadu in the struggle of self-government and fight for equality for all castes and communities.
Many women participated in this movement, including Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife), Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Muthulaxmi Reddy, Aruna Asaf Ali, and many others.
Full Swaraj
Following the rejection of the recommendation of Simon's Commission by the Indians, a conference of all parties was held in Mumbai in May 1928. It was intended to instill a sense of Liberation among the people. The conference appointed a designing committee under Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution for India. The Kolkata session of the Indian National Congress called on the British government to grant dominion status to India in December 1929, or a civil disobedience movement across the country will be launched. However, in 1929, amid increasing political dissatisfaction and the increasingly violent regional movement, calls for full sovereignty and the end of British rule began to find an increasing base within the Public. Under Jawaharlal's leadership in Lahore's historic session in December 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted the idea of ​​a complete self-government and the end of British rule. It authorizes the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement across the country. It was decided that January 26, 1930 should be observed throughout India as the Day Purna Swaraj (self-government). Many Indian political parties and Indian revolutionaries from a wide spectrum unite to observe the day with honor and pride.
In March 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed, and the government agreed to release all political prisoners (Although, some great revolutionaries were not released and the death penalty for Bhagat Singh and his two colleagues was not taken back which further enhanced the agitation of Congress not only outside but within the Congress itself). Over the next few years, Congress and the government are locked in conflicts and negotiations until what becomes the 1935 Indian Government Act can be agreed upon. At that time, the rift between Congress and the Muslim League had become unbridgeable because each pointed a finger at the other acrimoniously. The Muslim League has denied Congress's claim to represent everyone in India, while Congress denies the Muslim League's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims.
The Movement of Civil Uncompliance shows a new part in India's own governmental struggle process. Overall, it became a failure by itself, but it brought the Indian population together, under the leadership of the Indian National Congress. The movement made the Indian people try harder to self-rule. The movement enables the Indian community to revive their confidence and power against the British Government. In addition, the movement undermines British authority and assists in the end of the British Empire in India. Overall, the Civil Disobedience Movement is an important achievement in the history of India's own government.
Lahore selection and resolution
The Indian Government Act of 1935, the great and last constitutional effort in governing British India, articulated three main goals: building loose federal structures, achieving provincial autonomy, and protecting minority interests through separate voters. The federal provisions, intended to unite the prince states and British India at the center, were not exercised due to ambiguity in preserving the prerogatives of princes. However, in February 1937, provincial autonomy became a reality when elections were held; Congress emerged as the dominant party with a clear majority in five provinces and was in top hands in two, while the Muslim League performed poorly.
In 1939, Viceroy Linlithgow declared India's entry into the Second World War without consulting the provincial government. In protest, Congress asked all of its elected representatives to withdraw from the government. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, president of the Muslim League, persuaded participants at the annual Muslim League session in Lahore in 1940 to adopt what came to be known as Lahore Resolution, demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states, one Muslim, another Hindu; sometimes referred to as the Theory of Two Nations. Although the idea of ​​Pakistan was introduced as early as 1930, very few responded. However, a turbulent political climate and hostility between Hindus and Muslims turned the idea of ​​Pakistan into a stronger demand.
Revolutionary movement
Despite some wild incidents, the armed uprising against the British rulers did not take place before the beginning of the 20th century. The revolutionary movement of India began to gather momentum through the first decades of the 20th century, with groups emerging in Bengal, Maharashtra, Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Madras Presidency including what is now South India. More groups are scattered throughout India. Very prominent movements emerged in Bengal, particularly around the Bengali Partition of 1905, and in Punjab after 1907. In the first case, the educated, intelligent and dedicated young people of the urban middle class Bhadralok community who came to form a revolutionary Indian "Classical", while the latter had a huge support base in rural communities and the Punjab Military. In Bengal, Anushilan Samiti emerged from the conglomeration of the local youth group and gymnasium (Akhra ) in Bengal in 1902, forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in West and East Bengal identified. such as Dhaka Anushilan Samiti in Dhaka (modern Bangladesh), and the Jugantar group (based in Calcutta) respectively. Led by nationalists from the likes of Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Ghosh, Samiti is influenced by such diverse philosophies as Hindu Shakta Samiti was involved in a number of well-known revolutionary terrorism incidents against British interests and administration in India within its decade of establishment, including early attempts to kill Raj officials while being led by the Ghosh brothers. Meanwhile, in Maharashtra and Punjab appeared the same militant nationalist feelings. The District Magistrate of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson was shot dead by Anant Kanhere in December 1909, followed by the death of Robert D'Escourt Ashe in the hands of Vanchi Iyer. Indian nationalism is making progress through Indian society as far as Paris and London. In London India House under the protection of Shyamji Krishna Verma was under increasing scrutiny to fight for and justify violence in the cause of Indian nationalism, which was found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in the avid Paris Indian followers. In 1907, through Indian nationalist relations Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama with Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski, Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as Indian Houses under V.D.Svarkar were able to obtain manuals for making bombs. India House is also a source of weapons and durian literature that is distributed rapidly in India. In addition to The Indian Sociologist , pamphlets like Bande Mataram and Oh Martyr! by Savarkar praising revolutionary violence. The direct influence and sedition of the Indian House was noted in several incidents of political violence, including murder, in India at the time. One of two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was to conspire with the murder of the Nasik District Magistrate, A.M.T. Jackson, by Anant Kanhere in December 1909. The weapons used were directly tracked through Italian couriers to India House. Residents of Ex-India House M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar was recorded in Rowlatt's report to help and influence political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe. The Paris-Safranski link was strongly advised by French police to engage in a 1907 effort in Bengal to thwart the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser. Nationalist activities abroad are believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of indigenous Indian Army Indian regiments. The murder of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in the hands of Madanlal Dhingra is highly publicized and sees the increased supervision and suppression of Indian nationalism. This was followed by 1912 attempts at the life of Viceroy of India. Following this, the nucleus of networks formed at India House, Anushilan Samiti, the nationalists in Punjab, and the nationalism that emerged among expatriates and Indian workers in North America, different movements began to emerge in the Ghadar Party of North America, culminating in the War Concorde World I was led by Rash Behari Bose and Lala Hardayal.
However, the emergence of Gandhi's movement slowly began to absorb different revolutionary groups. The Bengal Samiti moved from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s, when some of its members identified closely with the non-violent movement of Congress and Gandhi. The revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of the Gandhi Noncooperation movement in 1922. In Bengal, it saw the reorganization of groups associated with Samiti under the leadership of Surya Sen and Hem Chandra Kanungo. A series of violence led to the enactment of the Bengali Criminal Boundary in the early 1920s, which recalled the power of detention and detention of the Indian Defense Act. In northern India, the remnants of the Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organizations were reorganized, especially under Sachindranath Sanyal, establishing the Association of the Republic of Hindustan with Chandrashekhar Azad in northern India. HSRA has a strong influence from left ideology. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was formed under the leadership of Chandrasekhar Azad. Kakori train robbery was carried out mostly by members of HSRA. A number of congressional leaders from Bengal, notably Subhash Chandra Bose, were accused by the British Government of having relations with and permitting patronage to revolutionary organizations during this time. Radical violence and philosophy was revived in the 1930s, when the revolutionaries of Samiti and HSRA were involved in the attacks of Chittagong's weapons and Kakori conspiracies and other attempts against government in India and Raj India. officials. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs into the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 protesting the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill while lifting the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad", although no one was killed or wounded in the bomb. events. Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing and trial incident. Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during a search operation after the bombing incident. After the trial (the case of the Bombing of the Central Assembly), Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in 1931. Allama Mashriqi founded the Tehreek Khaksar to direct the Muslims especially towards the self-government movement. Some of its members went to the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified closer to Communism. The Jugantar Branch was officially disbanded in 1938. On 13 March 1940, Udham Singh shot Michael O'Dwyer (the last political murder outside of India), generally responsible for the Amritsar Massacre, in London. However, the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the movement of Gandhi. When the political scenario changed in the late 1930s - with mainstream leaders considering some of the options offered by Britain and with the religious politics that went into the game - revolutionary activity gradually declined. Many revolutionaries of the past joined the mainstream politics by joining Congress and other parties, especially the communist party, while many activists remain detained in prisons throughout the country.
In a short time from the beginning, these organizations became the focus of extensive police and intelligence operations. The operation against Anushilan Samiti saw the establishment of the Special Branch of Calcutta Police. Intelligence operations against India House saw the establishment of India's Political Intelligence Office which later grew into an independent Intelligence bureau in India. Towards intelligence and mission against the Ghadarite movement and the Indian revolutionary is part of MI5 (g), and at one point invites Pinkerton detective agents. Leading officers who led the police and intelligence operations against the Indian revolutionaries, or engaged in them, at various times included John Arnold Wallinger, Sir Robert Nathan, Sir Harold Stuart, Vernon Kell, Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore and Sir Charles Tegart, as well as W. Somerset Maugham. The threat posed by Samiti's activities in Bengal during World War I, along with the threat of the Ghadarite uprising in Punjab, saw the passage of the Indian Defense Act 1915. These measures saw the capture, internment, transport and execution of a number of revolutionaries concerned with the organization, and successfully destroyed the East Bengal Branch. After the war, the Rowlatt committee recommended extending the Indian Defense Act (as Rowlatt's actions) to thwart every possible resurrection of Samiti in Bengal and Ghadarite movement in Punjab. In the 1920s Alluri Sitarama Raju led an unlucky Rampa Rebellion in 1922-24, where a group of tribal leaders and other sympathizers fought against the British Raj. He is referred to as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Heroes of the Jungles") by the locals. After the passing of the Madden Forest Act of 1882, its restriction on the free movement of tribes in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional farming system, which involved a shift. planting. Raju led a protest movement in the border area of ​​the Godavari Agency in the Madras Presidency (now Andhra Pradesh). Inspired by the patriotic revolutionary spirit in Bengal, Raju raided the police stations in and around Chintapalle, Rampachodavaram, Dammanapalli, Krishna-devi-maps, Rajavommangi, Addateegala, Narsipatnam and Annavaram. Raju and his followers stole weapons and ammunition and killed several British army officers, including Scott Coward near Dammanapalli. The British campaign lasted almost a year since December 1922. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the Chintapalli forest then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle.
The Indian government through the Interior Ministry then notified 38 movements/struggles across India as countries that led to the country getting its own government and ending the British Raj. Kallara-Pangode's Struggle is one of these 39 agitations.
The final process of the Indian self-rule movement
In 1937, provincial elections were held and Congress came to power in seven of eleven provinces. This is a strong indicator of Indian people's support for complete self-government.
When the Second World War began, Viceroy Linlithgow unilaterally declared India a hostile party on the British side, without consulting a select Indian representative. Contrary to Linlithgow's actions, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the provincial and local governments. Muslims and Sikhs, on the other hand, strongly support the war effort and gain great stature in London. Against Congress, millions of Indians supported the war effort, and indeed the British Indian Army became the largest volunteer force, with a total of 2,500,000 people during the war.
Notably during the Battle of Britain in 1940, Gandhi rejected calls for a massive civil disobedience movement that came from within and outside his party, claiming he did not seek self-government of India from the crushed British ashes. In 1942, Congress launched the Quit India movement. There was some violence but Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of congressional leaders, including all major national and provincial figures. They were not released until the war ended in 1945.
The self-government movement saw the emergence of three movements: The first of these, the Kakori conspiracy (9 August 1925) led by the Indian youth under the leadership of Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil; second is the Azad Hind movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose who saw the beginning of the war and joined Germany and Japan against the British; the third saw its formation in August 1942, led by Lal Bahadur Shastri and reflected the common man who resulted in the failure of the Cripps mission to reach a consensus with India's political leadership over the post-war power transfer.
Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army)
India's entry into the war was strongly opposed by Subhas Chandra Bose, elected President of Congress in 1938 and 1939, but later resigned because of disagreements with Gandhi. After his resignation he formed his own wings that were separated from the mainstream congress leadership known as the Forward block which was the center of former congressmen with a socialist view; but he remains emotionally attached to him for the rest of his life. Bose then established the All India Forward Bloc. In 1940, a year after the war broke out, Britain placed Bose under house arrest in Calcutta. However, he escaped and traveled through Afghanistan to Nazi Germany to seek the help of Hitler and Mussolini to raise troops against the British. The Free India Legion of POW India Erwin Rommel was formed. However, given Germany's changing fate, the invasion of German soil into India became untenable and Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan and arrange the submarine. Bose was transported to Japan of Southeast Asia, where he formed the Azad Hind Government, Free Indian Government While in exile, and reorganized the Indian National Army comprising Indian prisoners of war and volunteered Indian expatriates in Southeast Asia, with the help of Japan. The goal is to reach India as a combat force that will build a public resentment to inspire a rebellion among the Indian army to defeat the British raj .
INA is to see action against allies, including the British Indian Army, in the forests of Arakan, Burma and in Assam, besieging Imphal and Kohima with the Japanese 15th Army. During the war, the Andaman and Nicobar islands were captured by the Japanese and handed over by them to the INA.
INA failed due to logistical disruptions, poor supply from Japan, and lack of training. It surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945. Bose, however, attempted to flee to Manchuria held by Japan in an attempt to flee to the Soviet Union, marking the end of the entire Hind Hind movement.
Exit Indian Movement
The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan) or the August Movement is a civil disobedience movement in India that began on August 8, 1942 in response to Gandhi's call for immediate self-regulation. by the Indians and against the Indians' sending to World War II. He asked all the teachers to leave their schools, and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement. Because of Gandhi's political influence, his demand was followed by a large part of the population. In addition, INC led the Quit India Movement to demand that Britain leave India and transfer political power to the INC.
During the movement, Gandhi and his followers continued to use nonviolence against British rule. This movement is where Gandhi gave his famous message, "Do or Die!", And this message spread to the Indian community. In addition, the movement is directed directly to women as "the army of the discipline of Indian freedom" and they must keep the war for independence to continue (against British rule).
In the outbreak of war, the Congress Party during the Wardha working-committee meeting in September 1939, passed a resolution conditionally supporting the struggle against fascism, but was rejected when they asked for self-government in return. In March 1942, facing an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participated in the war, and the worsening war situation in Europe and Southeast Asia, and with increasing dissatisfaction among Indian troops - especially in Europe - and among the civilians in the sub- continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, in what came to be known as the Cripps' Mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress an agreement to gain total co-operation during the war, in exchange for the progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and Viceroy to the elected Indian legislature. However, the negotiations failed, having failed to meet the key demands of the time frame leading to self-government, and the definition of power to be released, basically illustrates the offer of limited mastery status completely unacceptable to the Indian movement. To force the British Raj to meet its demands and to get a definitive word on self-government, Congress took the decision to launch the Quit India Movement.
The aim of the movement was to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding hostages to the Allied war effort. The call for definite but passive resistance which signifies the certainty that Gandhi predicted this movement is best explained by his call to Do or Die, which was published on August 8 at Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay, since renamed August Kranti Maidan (Ground August Revolution). Yet most of the Congressional leaders, and not just at the national level, were put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of khiland congresses was to spend the rest of the war in prison.
On August 8, 1942, the Indian Quit resolution was adopted at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposes that if Britain does not agree to the charges, massive Civil disobedience will be launched. However, it is a very controversial decision. At Gowalia Tank, Mumbai, Gandhi urges Indians to follow civilian nonviolent dissent. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign state and not following orders from Britain. Britain, already worried by the progress of the Japanese army to the Burma-India border, responded the following day by imprisoning Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. The Working Committee of the Congress Party, or national leadership, is arrested together and imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort. They also ban the party altogether. All INC chiefs were arrested and detained. Because the masses have no leaders, the protest turns violent. Large-scale protests and demonstrations are held throughout the country. Full-time workers are not mass-produced and strikes are called. The movement also saw widespread sabotage, India's underground organization carrying out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys, government buildings burned, power lines cut off and transportation and communication lines cut off. The disorder was restrained within weeks and had little impact on the war effort. The movement soon became a leaderless fight, with a number of actions deviating from Gandhi's nonviolent principle. In most countries, local underground organizations take over the movement. However, in 1943, Quit India had subsided.
All the other major parties rejected Quit India's plans, and most worked closely with Britain, as did the prince's state, civil service and police. The Muslim League supports Raj and grows rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British.
There is opposition to the Quit Indian Movement from some political venues that are fighting for self-government of India. Hindu nationalist parties such as Hinduism Mahasabha openly opposed the call and boycotted the Quit Indian Movement. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, president of Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even to the point of writing a letter titled "Keep Your Writing", in which he instructed the Hindu Sabah which happened to be "a member of the municipality, local body, legislature or those serving in the army. to stick to their posts "across the country, and not join the Quit India Movement at any cost.
Other Hindu nationalist organizations, and Mahasabha Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) affiliates have a tradition of distancing themselves from the anti-British Indian government movement since it was founded by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, RSS, under M.S. Golwalkar did not want to join the Quit India Movement. The Bombay government (UK) appreciates RSS as such, by noting it,
"Sangh has been thoroughly restricted in the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disruption that broke out in August 1942".
The British government declared that RSS did not support civil disobedience against them, and therefore their other (though unpleasant) political activities could be ignored. Furthermore, the British Government also confirmed that at Sangh meetings held during the anti-British movement started and fought by the Indian National Congress,
"The speaker urges members of the Sangh to distance themselves from the congressional movement and these instructions are generally observed".
Thus, the British government did not crack down on RSS and Hindu Mahasabha altogether. Head of RSS (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar then publicly acknowledged the fact that RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also caused the Sangh to be seen with disbelief and anger, both by the Indian public, as well as certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar's own words,
"In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many people.At that time, Sangh's routine work continued, Sangh decided not to do anything directly." Sangh is an organization of inactive people, their talk of no substance 'is an opinion spoken not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks'
Overall, the Quit India Movement was not very successful and lasted only until 1943. It moved away from Gandhi's nonviolent tactics; it ended up being a rebellious act without a real leader.
After two Japanese attacks on Christmas Island in late February and early March 1942, the relationship between British officers and their Indian troops broke down. On the night of March 10, Indian troops assisted by Sikh police rebelled, killing five soldiers I
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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