Athletes have competed as the Olympic Games at the Olympics for various reasons, including political transitions, international sanctions, suspensions of the National Olympic Committee, and mercy. Independent athletes came from the Republic of Macedonia, East Timor, Southern Sudan, and CuraÃÆ'§ao following geopolitical changes in the years before the Olympics, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia) as a result of international sanctions, from India and Kuwait due to suspension of their National Olympic Committee, and Russia for mass violations of anti-doping rules.
Medals were won by the Independent Olympians at the 1992 Olympics and 2016, both in shootings. The naming convention and country code for the independent Olympians has not been consistent. Independent Paralympians have participated in Paralympic Games for the same reasons as the Independent Olympians.
Video Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games
Precursors
Prior to the 1906 Intercalated Games, entries were not limited to teams nominated by the National Olympic Committees (NOCs). The national mix team competes in several team events. Participants in individual events are retrospectively credited to their nationalities at the time.
The 1940 Winter Olympics moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the spring of 1939. Together with the Nazi German claim in Czechoslovakia, the organizers refused to recognize the Czechoslovakia NOC; But they are ready to let their athletes enter under the Olympic flag. After all, the Olympics were canceled because of World War II.
In the Cold War, some athletes who emigrated from Communist European countries could not compete in the Olympics, because their original NOC did not want them on their own team or grant them permission to transfer citizenship. Some were applied to compete as individuals in 1952 and 1956, but were rejected.
When Guyana joined the 1976 Olympic boycott, sprinter James Gilkes requested the IOC to be allowed to compete as an individual, but was rejected.
The first IOC made provision for athletes to compete under the banner of the Olympics in time for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Some NOCs, mostly from Western Europe, want to attend the Olympics even though their government supports the US-led boycott. The NOC hesitated to use the national symbol without government approval, so the IOC relaxed this requirement: 14 NOCs competed under the Olympic flag, while three, New Zealand, Spain and Portugal, competed under their respective NOC banners.
Maps Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games
1992 and Winter Olympics
Independent Olympic Participants
During the 1992 Summer Olympics, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Macedonia competed as Independent Olympic Participants. Macedonian athletes can not perform under their own banner because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) has not been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) is under UN sanctions preventing the country from taking part in the Olympics. However, each Yugoslavian athlete is allowed to take part as an Independent Olympic Participant. 58 athletes competed as Independent Olympic Participants, winning three medals.
Integrated Team
The former Soviet Union competed under the banner of the Olympics at the 1992 Winter Olympics and 1992 Summer Olympics as the Integrated Team.
2000 Summer Olympics
At the 2000 Summer Olympics, four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes during the state transition to independence.
Summer Olympics 2012
Four athletes compete as Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Following the dissolution of Dutch Antilles and the subsequent withdrawal of the country's National Olympic Committee, three athletes from eligible countries for the Olympics were allowed to compete independently. Some others compete for Aruba or the Netherlands.
The National Olympic Committee for South Sudan was not formed between the formation of the country and the 2012 Olympic qualification. A South Sudanese athlete, Guor Marial, qualified for the Olympics, and was allowed to compete as an independent.
Athletes from Kuwait were initially allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Athletes as well, as their National Olympic Committee (NOC) was suspended. However, the restored NOCs allow the athletes to compete under their own banner. Kuwait competed under the banner of the Olympics at the 2010 Summer Olympics and the 2010 Asian Games.
2014 Winter Olympics
The Indian Olympic Association was suspended from the IOC in December 2012, due to problems with its electoral process. The new election is scheduled for February 9, 2014, two days after the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics. Therefore, three qualified Indian athletes for the Olympics are scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants.
On February 8 and 9, Shiva Keshavan participated in a luge competition and got 38th place. He will be the only athlete to officially participate as an Independent Olympic Participant.
On February 11, 2014, the IOC returned the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, president of the World Squash Federation, was elected the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as an independent athlete. This is the first time a NOC recovery has occurred when the Olympics are in progress.
2016 Summer Olympics
The Kuwaiti athletes compete as independent, as the Kuwaiti Olympic Committee is suspended by the International Olympic Committee due to government interference. This is the second suspension in five years; the first suspension resulted in the Kuwaiti athletes being forced to compete under the Olympic banner as the Kuwait Athletes for the 2010 Asian Games. Fehaid Al-Deehani became the first Independent Olympic Athlete to win a gold medal. As with the gold medalists of the Integrated Team at the 1992 Summer and Summer Olympics, the Olympic Hymnas were played in a triumphant ceremony.
Refugees are allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the Refugee Olympic Team . Ten athletes from four countries compete for this team.
Due to the extensive state-controlled doping in Russia, the International Association of Athletics Federations suspends the All-Russian Federation of Athletics in November 2015. As a result, no Russian athletes can compete internationally, including the 2016 Olympics, until suspension is lifted. The IAAF announces a pathway for athletes who practice outside the Russian system and can prove themselves clean, as well as those who have helped in the fight against doping, in order to qualify to compete as a neutral athlete at the 2016 Olympics. Two athletes, Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova were originally cleared for the competition, as an Independent Athlete.
Although Yulia Stepanova was released by the IAAF because of her disclosure of the Russian systemic doping program, and the IOC's recognition of her 'contribution to the protection and promotion of clean athletes,' she was banned by the IOC in favor of a decision to ban all Russian athletes with previous doping convictions. The IOC also rejected the suggestion that 'neutral' athletes can compete outside of national selection. Klishina was later confirmed to be competing with the colors of Russia, their only competitor in athletics at the 2016 Olympics.
2018 Winter Olympics
On December 5, 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics over state-sponsored doping program. Russian athletes are allowed to participate under the Olympic banner as "Olympic athletes from Russia" (OAR) if they are cleaned by a panel, headed by Valerie Fourneyron and has representatives from the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency and the Doping Free Sports Unit of the Global Association International Sports Federation.
See also
- List of flag bearers for Olympian Independen at the Olympics
- Independent Paralympics at Paralympic Games
Footnote
References
Quote
Source
- Espy, Richard (1981). Olympic Politics: With Epilog, 1976-1980 . University of California Press. ISBNÃ, 9780520043954 . Retrieved August 19 2016 .
External links
- "Individual Olympic Athletes". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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