Education in Sweden is mandatory for all children between the ages of 6 and the age of 16. School years in Sweden run from mid/late August to early/mid June. The Christmas holidays from mid-December to early January divide the Swedish school year into two periods. Homeschooling is closely watched by the government and very limited.
From the age of one year, children can be admitted to pre-school schools ( fÃÆ'¶rskola ). Pre-school assistance provides an environment that stimulates the development and learning of children and allows parents to combine parents with work or study. During the year before children start school compulsory, all children are offered a place in the pre-school class ( fÃÆ'¶rskoleklass ), which incorporates pre-school pedagogical methods with compulsory schools. Methods of immersion among children aged four to seven are strongly emphasized in compulsory schools. Between the ages of 6/7 and 15/16, children attend compulsory comprehensive schools ( grundskola ), divided into three stages. Most schools in Sweden are run by municipalities, but there are also autonomously funded and publicly funded schools, known as "independent schools." Education in independent schools has many of the same goals as urban schools, but can have a different orientation than municipal schools. A number of boarding schools, known as "private schools", are funded by private tuition.
In 2008, statistics show that of all Swedes aged 25-64 years, 15% have completed only compulsory education (as the highest level of achievement), 46% only senior secondary education, 14% only post-secondary education less than three years , and 22% post-secondary education three years or more. Women are more educated than men (26% women vs 19% of men have post-secondary education three years or more). The highest level of education among those aged 25-34 years, and it declines with age. Both high school and university studies are financed by taxes. Some Swedes start working soon after high school. Together with several other European countries, the government used to subsidize the tuition of non-EU/EEA students pursuing a degree in Swedish institutions, but in 2010 they began charging for non-EU/EEA students 80,000-100,000 SEK per year. Swedish fifteen-year-olds had a 22-point average score in the PISA assessment, not significantly higher or lower than the OECD average.
In 2014, the National Agency for Education issues guidance to staff on how to act during armed violence incidents.
Video Education in Sweden
Diagram
Maps Education in Sweden
Terminology
FÃÆ'¶rskola (literally "preschool"), the everyday language daghem or dagis , is a kindergarten.
Grundskola is primary school grades 1-9, In ​​2005, 1-6 years primary school was classified as ISCED level 1 and year 7-10 as ISCED level 2. Individuals at this level or lower than education in Sweden is classified as having a low education (sv: lÃÆ'  ¥ gutbildade ) by Statistics Sweden.
Gymnasieskola (literally "gymnasium") is a three-year high school. In 2005, high school was classified as ISCED level 3.
HÃÆ'¶gskola is a tertiary school (officially translated to university, less formally to university and universitet (always translated to university ) is a tertiary school with postgraduate education. In 2005, tertiary schools were classified as ISCED level 5 and above. Individuals with 3 years or more tertiary level education are classified as having higher education (sv: hÃÆ'¶gutbildade ) by Swedish Statistics.
Historical terms include smÃÆ'  ¥ skola ("small school") and folkskola ("folk school") for elementary school and lÃÆ'¤roverk ( "study institute") for high school. Previously, hÃÆ'¶gskola usually meant a one-faculty school - usually professionally oriented - while universitet contains many faculties.
Options
Students in Swedish elementary schools have very limited choices regarding their curriculum. Students usually can not make decisions about their education until the fall of the sixth grade, where students can choose a foreign language (most often Spanish, French, German, and sometimes other languages ​​such as Russian, or English or extra Swedish) and which craft courses students want to take, where carpentry or sewing is offered. A similar situation applies to most other subjects. This is the result of a concerted effort to streamline the curriculum, in the hope that it will support students from families with lower levels of education. Critics claim it has significantly reduced results among gifted students without raising them in other groups.
All students aged between 12-15 years take math, English, Swedish, foreign languages, "Naturorientering" science (social, chemical, biology, technology), "SamhÃÆ'¤ssenterentering" social sciences (social studies, history, religion, geography) , physical education, art, music, carpentry or sewing, and home economics courses. In many schools, the course "Elevens Val" ("Student Choice") is offered, which may include, for example, drama, additional foreign languages, or assistance in different subjects.
The Swedish School Plan also greatly encourages individualistic education where every student has their special needs met. The students are also encouraged to not only participate in the student councils but also to really shape the education they want along with their teachers, choose which books to read and how to balance the practice with theory, depending on which each student feels the most fun to learn from.
Homeschooling
Homeschooling is largely absent and highly regulated.
Primary and secondary schools
The education system in Sweden is based on a nine-year primary school, or "Grundskola ", with mandatory attendance. After this comes the elective three year high school, or "Gymnasieskola ", which is divided into two examples where you prepare for higher education or receive vocational education. Example preparation allows for specialization either in the natural sciences or social sciences.
Grading
Students do not start receiving official grades until grade 6. Three classes until recently used in primary school: Pass ( godkÃÆ'¤nd (G) ), Pass with difference ( VÃÆ'¤l godkÃÆ'Â ¤nd (VG) ), and Graduated with a special distinction ( Mycket vÃÆ'¤l godkÃÆ'¤nd (MVG) ). Values ​​are usually referred to by their abbreviations. Note that the failed value does not exist as a formal value. If a student fails to pass the course, this is reported as ***, referring to a footnote explaining that the student "has no basis for value". Many people, however, are considered 'fail' ( Icke godkÃÆ'¤nd (IG) ) to actual values ​​and are often called *** like that. Compared to the class alone, the failed tests are often marked with IG. However, this depends on the teacher's preferences and it makes no difference.
However, from the fall of 2011, a new assessment scale has been introduced into the Swedish school system: A, B, C, D, and E as passing grades and F as failing. B and D work as a filling value, because when a student has not reached all goals for C or A but has reached most of them. If students can not be assessed, e.g. widespread truancy, students will receive hyphens instead of F. If a student is on the threshold of receiving F in a particular subject, the teacher responsible for the subject will notify the student and the parent of the student. If a student is given F, they will receive a written review of how to improve.
The total student value, used for apps to gymnasium, secondary school, was calculated by taking pupil subjects and numerically adding them together, with E = 10, D = 12.5, C = 15 , B = 17.5, and A = 20, yielding a maximum score of 340 possible. It is normal for students to have 17 grades, as most learn a third language - traditionally German or French, but in recent years Spain has become the most learn. If a student does not learn a foreign language, he instead learns extra Swedish and English. He will then only receive 16 grades and can not achieve a score higher than 320.
Sixteen subjects used to calculate the total should include three core subjects - English, Swedish, and Mathematics. If the student fails the core subjects, he or she does not have the qualifications to attend high school. However, students can still attend an individual high school program (IV) program, either to gain competence in core subjects and start a high school program or to complete an individual program and meet the requirements for a student's degree ( see below).
Junior high school
The middle school, named gymnasieskola , lasts for three years (however, some students study for four years or more for various reasons) and are formally elective, although most are present, and there are very few prospects for those who not present. The secondary schools are divided into "programs", ie different types of educational focus options. The two most common "courses" are "social sciences" (samhÃÆ'¤llsvetenskap) and "natural sciences" (naturvetenskap). "Program" is subdivided into orientation. There are currently seventeen different "national programs" (centralized defined program curricula) with between two and four centrally determined orientations. In addition, there are local programs and orientations, but most schools use national programs. Since the fall of 2011, there are eighteen national programs, six college preparatory courses, and twelve vocational programs.
Courses are divided into two general categories: preparation and vocational. All courses provide basic qualifications for university attendance, but the preparatory program usually meets more than the various specialized qualifications required to attend some university programs and programs.
More than half of high school students attend one of thirteen vocational-oriented programs. These programs should include at least fifteen weeks of workplace training during the three-year program.
Courses taken by students depending on the program and orientation can be divided into four levels: core subjects, program specific subjects, orientation subjects, and individually selected courses. The core course is a program that everyone, regardless of the program, must learn to qualify for a student degree. Program-specific courses are additional courses a student must take to meet program requirements. If a student for some reason does not meet the requirements, for example, by choosing to replace a course-specific course with another course, the student is considered to have attended a specially designed program, which has nothing to do except for what is printed on the certificate of leaving school. The orientation subject is the course chosen by the student to be selected by choosing orientation. Usually this course takes place in the second and third years, although in some cases the course starts early. Finally, an individually selected course is the course chosen by the student for himself in his second and third years; special slots have been set aside in the curriculum and schedule for this.
Admittance
To attend high school, prospective students apply to attend certain programs in a particular school, competing for admission based on grade grades. In some cases, such as the art program ( Estetiska programmet (ES) ) in certain schools, students apply to the program and orientation. Some programs, mostly art programs and specific local programs/orientations, have some form of entrance exam in addition to the grade of primary school.
International school
In January 2015, International Schools Consultancy (ISC) enrolled Sweden as having 107 international schools. The ISC defines 'international schools' in the following terms, "ISC covers international schools if the school provides a curriculum for any combination of pre-school students, primary or secondary school students, in whole or in part in English outside the English-speaking country, or if the school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-language curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation. "This definition is used by publications including The Economist.
Independent schools
Before the 1990s, there were only a handful of private schools in Sweden, mostly school-funded boarding schools, where Sigtunaskolan and Lundsbergs skola were the most famous. Major educational reforms in 1992 enabled private schools offering basic or secondary education to receive public funds for each student, at the same rate as those received by public schools. This is called an "independent school" ( friskolor ), and in 2008 there were about 900 of them.
An "independent school", similar to a charter school in the United States or an academy in the United Kingdom, is funded with public money (skolpeng ) from the local municipality, based on the number of students they attend, in the same way Swedish public schools. As a result, they are not allowed to discriminate or require entrance exams, nor are they allowed to charge additional fees to students. However, they are allowed to accept personal donations. Regional economic differences directly affect how much money each municipality can afford, as much as SEK 50,000 (about US $ 7,700 or £ 4,700).
Anyone can start an independent nonprofit school, or a chain of such schools, in Sweden. Many of them offer alternative pedagogy (such as Montessori), or foreign/international, religious or special needs (such as hearing loss). There are also some high schools with elite sports profiles. Internationella Engelska Skolan and Kunskapsskolan are the two largest "independent schools" networks. In 2008, more than 10% of Swedish students were enrolled in "independent schools".
Opinions
The "independent school" system has divided public opinion in Sweden. During the 2010 elections, no political bloc advised to abandon the program. A poll conducted in 2011 by Synovate found that Swedish people who wanted to prohibit companies from operating schools to gain more profits than not. The Swedish model has been put forward as a possible model for similar solutions in both the United Kingdom and the United States, where Per Unckel, the County Governor of Stockholm and the former Minister of Conservative Education, in 2009 summarized the advantages of the Swedish system in an opinion generated by the Libertarian Pacific think tank Research Institute: "Education is so important that you can not just hand it to a producer because we know from the monopoly system that they do not meet all the desires."
In February 2013, The Guardian published an article by former political adviser to the Swedish Ministry of Education, Karin Svanborg-SjÃÆ'¶vall, of an independent school system in Sweden - "Sweden proves that personal benefits are increasing service policies and influences - Even educational unions participated when private provision was introduced to Swedish schools, "citing a paper on average educational performance created by research institutions under the Swedish Ministry of Employment, IFAU, which found" that an increase in the share of independent schoolchildren improves the average performance on mandatory end of school and long-term education outcomes ". However, in June 2015, another article by educational correspondent from The Guardian quoted Education Minister Gustav Fridolin as saying that the system was a "political failure" and stated that the standard in learning has dropped dramatically. over the years and are in a "crisis" state.
tertiary education
Completing high school in a full-time vocational program in a three-year curriculum does provide basic qualifications for further study. However many times higher education is required before admission to a university or college university. Post-secondary education is provided by the Municipal schools "KomVux" (short for KOMMunal VUXenutbildning, lit. "Adult Municipal Education"), and an independent boarding school named FolkhÃÆ'¶gskolor (or Public High School in English).
Rather than opt for higher education, a student from a vocational course in high school can apply for so-called Qualified Vocational Education or "Kvalificerad Yrkesutbildning " (KY). Such training programs are very popular. This form combines the education and practical experience of a business or industry in a chosen field. The level of education is basically post-secondary but can also contain programs that meet tertiary education requirements.
For post-secondary education, KomVux and Vocational Education are Qualified in several ways according to what is offered by colleges in the United States.
Higher education
After gymnasieskola , students can apply to the university to receive tertiary education. General academic degrees are offered by state and university universities that tend to attract students regionally. In addition to the general academic degree, the higher education system in Sweden also provides a number of professional and vocational degrees in fields such as engineering, law and medicine.
In the fall semester of 2011, higher education is free of charge only for Sweden, the EU/EEA, and Swiss citizens.
On July 1, 2007, the new higher education system came into force in Sweden. Higher education is divided into three levels: basic level ( grundnivÃÆ'  ¥ ), advanced level ( avancerad nivÃÆ'  ¥ ), and doctoral level ( forskarnivÃÆ'  ¥ ). The new changes also include removing some professional/vocational titles ( yrkesexamina ) and redefining other existing degrees.
Ground level ( grundnivÃÆ'  ¥ )
To be admitted to the program at the elementary level, a student must complete education at the gymnasieskola level or equivalent. The degrees that can be obtained at the basic level are:
- University Diploma ( hÃÆ'¶gskoleexamen ), 2 years, 120 higher education credits ( hÃÆ'¶gskolepoÃÆ'¤ng )
- Bachelor Degree ( kandidatexamen ), 3 years, 180 higher education credits
Advanced ( avancerad nivÃÆ'  ¥ )
To be admitted to the program at an advanced level, a student must have earned a 3-year Swedish degree at an elementary level or an appropriate degree from another country or some appropriate qualification. The degrees that can be obtained at the advanced level are:
- Master's degree (One year) ( magisterexamen ), 1 year, 60 higher education credits
- Master's Degree (Two years) ( masterexamen ), 2 years, 120 higher education credits
Both degrees require completion of the thesis.
Master's degree (Two years), masterexam , is a new degree that is intended to be closely related to continuing education at the graduate level.
Doctorate Level ( forskarnivÃÆ'  ¥ )
To be admitted to the program at the doctoral level, a student must have obtained a Swedish degree at an advanced level or complete at least 4 years of full-time study with at least one year at an advanced level or an appropriate degree from another country. or equivalent knowledge. The degrees that can be obtained at the doctoral level are:
- License Level ( licentiatexamen ), 2 years, 120 higher education credits
- Doctoral Degree , 4 years, 240 higher education credits
Postgraduate academic titles are guides (professors) and professors (professors). Each department has an administrative officer, who is a prefekt, who is often a guide.
Grading
Three sets of grades exist in Swedish universities and university colleges. Some universities have introduced a seven-grade scale (A-F, Fx), which is similar to the ECTS scale, but with an assessment of the referenced criteria and not a relative appraisal. The most common scale is a three-grade scale consisting of U (UnderkÃÆ'¤nd in Swedish, failed), G (GodkÃÆ'¤nd, pass) and VG (VÃÆ'¤l godkÃÆ'¤nd, passing with distinction). In this set VG is the highest. The other set of classes consists of (U, 3, 4, 5) where 5 is the highest. This set of classes is usually awarded in a course in a professional technical degree. Finally there are some courses, in two scoring systems, where you can only get G (pass) or U (fail). For example, for a semester (special level) thesis in Computer Science for a Master's degree in some institutions, one can only get a G grade (pass) or fail, while for equivalent thesis at another institution may also accept a VG score.
Language requirements
Prior to admission to higher education programs in Sweden, all applicants must demonstrate a minimum proficiency in Swedish and English by taking a 2 year Swedish and English language or passing through Sweden B and English A. For international applicants, Tests in Swedish for University Studies (TISUS) , is an international exam that can be taken to show proficiency in Swedish. For those whose native language is not English, international applicants can demonstrate proficiency in English by obtaining a minimum score of 173 points on a TOEFL or a minimum grade B at Cambridge First Certificate in an English exam. Student exchange may have different language requirements.
Student help
Swedish students receive economic aid from the Swedish National Student Aid Board (CSN) to study. Each student is entitled to 12 semester allowances and loans, totaling 2,230 SEK per week (June 2016: 261 EUR, 268 USD, 185 GBP) for full-time study (after 1 July 2006). The allowance is usually 699 SEK per week (June 2016: 75 EUR; 84 USD; 58 GBP) with loan covers the rest. Limits for loans and benefits may increase substantially in certain circumstances.
Student democracy
Legislation
Swedish legislation on student democracy is made by:
- Higher Education Act (issued by Parliament)
- Higher Education Act (issued by government and frequently revised)
This sort of legal foundation forms the rule for all public universities in Sweden. They basically state that:
- the country provides institutions for higher education
- higher education should be based on research
- Higher education institutions should work with local communities around them Quality efforts
- in all things are a shared issue for staff and students
- students should take an active part in the work, with further development of education
- there should be student representation in all decision-making bodies and formulation
Complaints about the implementation of the law on student democracy can be sent to the Swedish Higher Education Authority ( UniversitetskanslerÃÆ'¤mbetet ). Even if nothing good, universities usually follow agency decisions.
Core issues
The main issues about student democracy in Sweden are:
- Low threshold entry to university, by:
- no fees, for Sweden, EU/EEA, and Swiss citizens
- simple acceptance rules (no login tests)
- Widening of participation, introducing new groups into higher education (ethnic minorities, low-income citizens); it should be noted that affirmative action is not permitted by Swedish legislation, as a form of positive discrimination.
- Secure gender equality for staff, students, and educational perspectives
- Strengthen an international perspective in all education, to help create an understanding of the international community
Same Treatment Act
In 2001, the Law for Equalization of Students in Higher Education was issued, stating that:
- The same care should be given regardless of gender, ethnic origin, religion, sexual orientation, and/or disability.
- Harassment (from staff or students) and discrimination should be prevented.
- Annual plans should be issued by each university to actively promote equal treatment.
- The weak point can be found in collaboration with students.
- In the case of reported harassment or discrimination (based on student feelings), there is an obligation to investigate and take action.
History of education in Sweden
Primary school
In 1842, the Swedish parliament introduced a four-year primary school for children in Sweden, " Folkskola ". In 1858 classes 1 and 2 became " SmÃÆ'  ¥ Skola " and the children started schooling at the age of seven. In 1882 two values ​​were added to " folkskola ", grades 5 and 6. Some " folkskola " also had classes 7 and 8, called " FortsÃÆ'¤ttningsskola ". Schools in Sweden became mandatory for 7 years in the 1930s and for 8 years in the 1950s. Since 1972, Swedish children have 9 years of compulsory schooling - from August of the year the child is 7 to June of the year the child is 16. Parents in some cases also have the option of delaying starting school until the age of 8 if they are held in the child's best interest.
In the fall of 1949, several Swedish school districts introduced experiments with a nine-year school called enhetsskola . The enhetsskola has three stages. The first 3 years are lÃÆ'  ¥ gstadium (lower stage), the next three years are mellanstadium (middle stage) and the last three years are hÃÆ'¶gstadium (top stage). In the school district, smÃÆ'  ¥ skola becomes lÃÆ'  ¥ gstadium , folkskola becomes mellanstadium and realskola to hÃÆ'¶gstadium . On May 26, 1950 the Swedish parliament decided to introduce enhetsskola in Sweden. In 1958 enhetsskola became fÃÆ'¶rsÃÆ'¶ksskola , which in 1962 renamed grundskola . In 1972, grundskola was introduced in all parts of Sweden, replacing folkskola and hÃÆ'¶gre allmÃÆ'¤nna lÃÆ'¤roverket . From the fall of 1994, the official division in three different stages was abolished. In the early 1990s, Sweden also introduced fÃÆ'¶rskoleklass for 6-year-olds, the first year's first class is called ÃÆ'  ¥ rskurs 0 (Class 0) or 6-ÃÆ'  ¥ rsgrupp (group for children aged six years). FÃÆ'¶rskoleklass , which officially became the name of the 1998-1999 school year, is not mandatory.
Junior high school
After three years at "
Immigration
The inclusion of many immigrants to Swedish schools has been cited as an important part of the reason why Sweden has dropped more than any other European country in the international PISA rating.
See also
- Education in Stockholm
- Swedish Skolastic Capability Test
- List of universities in Sweden
- Studentexamen
- student loans in Sweden
- National Agency for Education
- National Agency for Higher Education
- Swedish National Union of Students
- LADOK
- Open access in Sweden
References
External links
- The Swedish Association for Home Education (Rohus)
- Home Education in Sweden
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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