Brunei ( Ã, ( ) broo- NY ), officially font> Brunei Darussalam , Jawi: ????? ????? ???????? ? ?), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of Borneo island in Southeast Asia. In addition to the coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak in Malaysia. It is divided into two parts by Limbang, Sarawak district. Brunei is the only sovereign state in the island of Borneo; The rest of the island is divided between the countries of Malaysia and Indonesia. The population of Brunei is 423,196 in 2016.
At the height of the Brunei Empire, Sultan Bolkiah (ruled 1485-1528) allegedly controlled most of Kalimantan, including Sarawak and Sabah, and the Sulu Islands at the northeastern end of Kalimantan, Seludong (modern Manila), and the islands of the northwestern tip of Borneo. The maritime country was visited by the Spanish Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the Castile War of 1578.
During the 19th century, the Kingdom of Brunei began to decline. The Sultanate handed Sarawak (Kuching) to James Brooke and placed him as Rajah Putih, and handed Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned as a colonial British resident as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was written. In 1962, a small armed uprising against the monarchy ended with the help of England.
Brunei gained its independence from Britain on January 1, 1984. Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s, with GDP rising 56% from 1999 to 2008, transformed Brunei into an industrialized country. It has developed a wealth of extensive oil and natural gas fields. Brunei has the second highest Human Development Index among Southeast Asian countries, after Singapore, and is classified as a "developed country". According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by per capita gross domestic product at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimates in 2011 that Brunei is one of two countries (the other is Libya) with a public debt of 0% of the national GDP.
Video Brunei
Etimologi
According to local historiography, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, who later became Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigned around 1400 AD. He moved from Garang in Temburong District to the mouth of the Brunei River, discovering Brunei. According to legend, on landing he cried, New nah (translated loosely as "it is him!" Or "there"), from which the name "Brunei" originated. He is the first Muslim ruler in Brunei. Prior to the emergence of the Brunei Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah dynasty, Brunei was believed to be under the Buddhist ruler.
It was renamed to "Barunai" in the 14th century, probably influenced by the Sanskrit word " varu? " (), which means "sailor". The word "Borneo" is the same origin. In the full name of the country, Brunei Darussalam , darussalam (Arabic: ???????? ?) means" place of peace " , while country means "country" in Malay.
The earliest documentation recorded by the West about Brunei was by an Italian known as Ludovico di Varthema, who also said "the Brunei people have a brighter skin color than those he encounters in the Maluku Islands." On the document back to 1550;
We arrived on Bornei Island (Brunei or Kalimantan), away from Maluch about two hundred miles, and we found that it was somewhat larger than previously mentioned and much lower. Those people are pagans and people of good will. Their colors are whiter than others... on this island the justice is well managed...
Maps Brunei
History
Initial history
One of the earliest Chinese records was the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor of the Po-ni ruler, who was trusted by some experts to refer to Borneo. In 1225, a Chinese official, Chau Ju-Kua (Zhao Rugua), reported that Po-ni had 100 warships to protect his trade, and that there was much wealth in the kingdom.
In the fourteenth century, the manuscript of Java Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, mentions Barune as a subordinate Majapahit state, which has to make annual 40 camphor katic. In 1369, Sulus attacked Po-ni, plundering it with treasure and gold. The fleet of Majapahit managed to drive Sulus, but Po-ni was left weaker after the attack. A Chinese report from 1371 describes Po-ni as a poor and fully controlled by Majapahit.
However, experts claim that the strength of the Sultanate of Brunei is at its peak between the 15th and 17th centuries, with its strength extending from northern Borneo to the southern Philippines. In the 16th century, Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the country had built one of its largest mosques. In 1578, Alonso BeltrÃÆ'¡n, a Spanish traveler, described it as five floors and built on water.
War with Spain and refuse
European influence gradually ends regional rule, as Brunei enters a period of deterioration exacerbated by an internal dispute over royal succession. Because the Spaniards considered Brunei the center of Islamic preaching in the Philippines, Spain declared war in 1578, planned to attack and seize the Rock City, the capital of Brunei at the time. This is partly based on the help of two Bruni nobles, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The first had traveled to Manila, then the center of the Spanish colony, Manila was taken from Brunei and converted, Pengiran Seri Lela came to offer Brunei as a tributary to Spain to help restore the throne seized by his brother Saiful Rijal. Spain agrees that if they succeed in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela will be appointed as sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna will become the new Treasurer.
In March 1578, the Spanish fleet had arrived from Mexico and settled in the Philippines, they were led by De Sande, who acted as Captain General, he arranged an expedition from Manila to Brunei. The expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards, 1,500 Filipinos and 300 Borneans. The campaign is one of many, which also includes action in Mindanao and Sulu.
Spain invaded the capital on April 16, 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang and then to Jerudong. In Jerudong, they make plans to pursue the conquering forces of Brunei. Suffering a high casualty due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak, Spain decided to leave Brunei and return to Manila on 26 June 1578, after 72 days. Before doing so, they set fire to a mosque, a tall structure with a five-level roof.
Pengiran Seri Lela died in August or September 1578, probably because of the same illness suffered by his Spanish ally. There was a suspicion he could be poisoned by the ruling Sultan. Princess Seri Lela, a Brunei princess living with a Spaniard, she married a Christian Tagalog, named AgustÃÆ'n de Legazpi de Tondo.
The local Brunei account is very different from the generally accepted view of events. The so-called Castilian War is seen as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards expelled by the Sakam Treasurer, supposedly the brother of the ruling sultan, and a thousand indigenous warriors. Most historians regard this as the story of the folk hero, which may have developed over the next few decades or centuries. The country underwent a civil war from 1660 to 1673.
English Intervention
Britain has intervened in Brunei affairs on several occasions. The British attacked Brunei in July 1846 because of an internal conflict about who the legitimate Sultan was.
In the 1880s, the decline of the Brunei Empire continued. The Sultan gave the land (now Sarawak) to James Brooke, who had helped him quell the rebellion and allowed him to establish the Kingdom of Sarawak. Over time, Brooke and her nephew (who replaced her) rent or annex more land. Brunei lost most of its territory to him and his dynasty, known as the White Rajah.
Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin called on the British to stop further encroachment by Brookes. The "Treaty of Protection" was negotiated by Sir Hugh Low and signed on 17 September 1888. The treaty said that the sultan "can not surrender or rent any territory to foreign powers without British consent"; it gave Britain effective control over the outside affairs of Brunei, making it a British protectorate (which continued until 1984). However, when the Kingdom of Sarawak annexed the Brunei District Pandaruan in 1890, Britain did not take any action to stop it. They do not regard either Brunei or the Kingdom of Sarawak as 'foreign' (as per the Treaty of Protection). The final annexation by Sarawak leaves Brunei with its present minority and separation into two parts.
The British population was introduced in Brunei under the Protocol of Additional Protocols in 1906. The population should advise the sultan on all administrative matters. Over time, the population is assumed to have more executive control than the sultan. The housing system ended in 1959.
Oil discovery
Oil was discovered in 1929 after several unsuccessful attempts. Two men, F. Marriot and T.G. Cochrane, smelled oil near the Seria river at the end of 1926. They told a geophysicist, who conducted the survey there. In 1927, a gas leak was reported in the area. The Seria Well Number One (S-1) was drilled on July 12, 1928. Oil was struck at 297 meters (974 feet) on April 5, 1929. Seria Well Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929, and, since 2009, continues to produce oil. Oil production increased rapidly in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields. In 1940, oil production reached more than six million barrels. The British Malayan Petroleum Company (now Brunei Shell Petroleum Company) was formed on July 22, 1922. The first offshore well was drilled in 1957. Oil and natural gas have been the basis of Brunei's development and wealth since the late 20th century.
Japanese Occupation
Japan invaded Brunei on December 16, 1941, eight days after their attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States Navy. They landed 10,000 Detachment Kawaguchi troops from Cam Ranh Bay in Kuala Belait. After six days of fighting, they occupied the whole country. The only Allied forces in the area were the 2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment headquartered in Kuching, Sarawak.
After the Japanese occupied Brunei, they made a deal with Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin regarding the government of the country. Inche Ibrahim (later known as Pehin Datu Prime Minister Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji Ibrahim), former British Secretary of the Resident, Ernest Edgar Pengilly, was appointed Chief Administrative Officer under the Governor of Japan. Japan had proposed that Pengilly maintain his position under their rule, but he refused. Both he and other British citizens are still in Brunei interned by the Japanese at the Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak. While the British officials were under Japanese guard, Ibrahim made a personal point of wiggling each with his hands and hoping he was fine.
The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honor by the Japanese. During the latter part of the occupation, he lived in Tantuya, Limbang and had nothing to do with Japan. Most of the Malay government officers are retained by the Japanese. The reign of Brunei was reorganized into five prefectures, which included British North Borneo. The prefecture includes Baram, Labuan, Lawas, and Limbang. Ibrahim hid many important government documents from Japan during the occupation. Pengiran Yusuf (later YAM Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohd Yusuf), along with other Brunei people, was sent to Japan for training. Although in the area on the day of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, Yusuf survived.
Britain had anticipated the Japanese attack, but lacked the resources to defend the territory due to their involvement in the war in Europe. The troops of the Punjab Regiment filled the Seria oil field with a concrete well in September 1941 to deny the use of Japan. The remaining equipment and installations were destroyed when the Japanese invaded Malaya. By the end of the war, 16 wells in Miri and Seria had resumed, with production reaching about half the pre-war level. The coal production at Muara also started again, but with little success.
During the occupation, Japanese people taught their languages ​​in schools, and Government officials were asked to learn Japanese. The local currency is replaced by what is known as banana's money (banana money). From 1943 hyper-inflation destroyed the value of the currency and, at the end of the war, this currency is worthless. Allied attacks against shipments ultimately lead to trading stops. Food and medicine fall into short supply, and the population suffers from hunger and disease.
The airport runway was built by the Japanese during the occupation, and in 1943 Japanese naval units were based in Brunei Bay and Labuan. The naval base was destroyed by Allied bombing, but the airport runway survived. The facility was developed as a public airport. In 1944, the Allies started a bombing campaign against the Japanese occupation, which destroyed many cities and Kuala Belait, but lost Kampong Ayer.
On June 10, 1945, the 9th Australian Division landed at Muara under Operation Oboe Six to reclaim Borneo from Japan. They are supported by American air and naval units. The city of Brunei was bombed extensively and recaptured after three days of fierce fighting. Many buildings were destroyed, including mosques. The Japanese troops in Brunei, Kalimantan and Sarawak, under Lieutenant General Masao Baba, formally surrendered in Labuan on September 10, 1945. The British Military Administration took over from Japan and remained until July 1946.
Post World War II
After World War II, a new government was established in Brunei under the British Military Administration (BMA). It consists mostly of Australian officers and soldiers. The Brunei Government was passed to the Civil Administration on 6 July 1945. The Brunei State Council was also revived that year. The BMA was given the task of reviving the Brunei economy, which was extensively undermined by the Japanese during their occupation. They also had to extinguish the fire at the Seria well, which had been set by the Japanese before their defeat.
Prior to 1941, Singapore-based Governor Straits Settlements was responsible for the duties of the British High Commissioner for Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo (now Sabah). The first British High Commissioner for Brunei was the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Ardon Clarke. The Barisan Pemuda ("Pemuda Pemuda") (abbreviated BARIP) was the first political party established in Brunei on 12 April 1946. The party aims to "safeguard the Sultan's sovereignty and the state, and defend his rights." of Malays. "BARIP also contributed to the composition of the country's anthem, which was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity.
In 1959, a new constitution was written which declared Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign affairs, security and defense remained the responsibility of the British Empire. A small rebellion erupted against the monarchy in 1962, which was suppressed with the help of the British. Known as the Brunei Rebellion, it contributed to the failure to create the North Kalimantan Federation. The uprising partly influenced Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation.
Brunei gained its independence from Britain on January 1, 1984. The official National Day, which celebrates the country's independence, is held by tradition on 23 February.
Constitution Writing
In July 1953, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III formed a seven-membered committee named Seven Seals , to find out the views of the citizens on the written constitution for Brunei. In May 1954, the Sultan, Resident and High Commissioner met to discuss the committee's findings. They agreed to legalize the drafting of the constitution. In March 1959, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution. The British delegation was led by Sir Alan Lennox-Boyd, the Secretary of State for the Colonies. The British government then accepted the draft constitution.
On 29 September 1959, the Constitution Agreement was signed in Bandar Seri Begawan. The agreement was signed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott, Commissioner General for Southeast Asia. This includes the following provisions:
- The Sultan is made the Head of the Supreme State.
- Brunei is responsible for its internal administration.
- The British government is solely responsible for foreign affairs and defense.
- The Resident's position was removed and replaced by the British High Commissioner.
Five councils were formed:
- Executive Board
- Brunei Legislative Council
- The Privy Council
- Board of Successes
- State Religious Council
National development plan
A series of National Development Plans was initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddien III.
The first was introduced in 1953. A total of B $ 100 million was approved by the Brunei State Council for the plan. E.R. Bevington, from the Colonial Office in Fiji, was appointed to implement it. The US $ 14 million gas plant was built under the plan. In 1954, survey and exploration work was undertaken by Shell Petroleum Brunei in offshore and onshore fields. In 1956, production reached 114,700 bpd.
The plan also helps the development of public education. In 1958, education spending reached $ 4 million. Communication was improved, as new roads were built and reconstruction at Berakas Airport was completed in 1954.
The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962. Major oil and gas fields were discovered in 1963, with this discovery, Liquefied Natural Gas is important. Developments in the oil and gas sector have continued, and oil production has continued to rise since then. The plan also promotes the production of meat and eggs for consumption by citizens. The fishing industry increased its production by 25% along the way of the plan. The seaport in Muara was also built during this period. Power requirements are met, and research is made to provide electricity to rural areas. Efforts were made to combat malaria, endemic diseases in the region, with the help of the World Health Organization. The case of malaria was reduced from 300 cases in 1953 to only 66 cases in 1959. The mortality rate was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in 1953. Infectious diseases have been prevented by public sanitation and drainage improvements, and provisions pure water that flowed into the population.
Independence
On November 14, 1971, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah traveled to London to discuss matters concerning the 1959 constitutional amendment. The new treaty was signed on 23 November 1971 with the British representation to Anthony Royle.
Under this agreement, the following terms are agreed:
- Brunei is granted a full internal self-government
- The UK will remain responsible for external and defense affairs.
- Brunei and Britain agree to share responsibility for security and defense.
The agreement also caused Gurkha units to be deployed in Brunei, where they remain to this day.
On January 7, 1979, another agreement was signed between Brunei and the United Kingdom. It was signed with Lord Goronwy-Roberts as the representative of England. This agreement gives Brunei to take over international responsibility as an independent nation. The British agreed to assist Brunei in diplomatic terms. In May 1983, it was announced by the British that Brunei's independence date would be January 1, 1984.
On December 31, 1983, a mass gathering was held at major mosques in all four districts of the country and at midnight, on January 1, 1984, the Independence Proclamation was read by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The Sultan then took over the title "Your Majesty" instead of "Your Majesty" before. Brunei was admitted to the UN on September 22, 1984, becoming a member of 159 organizations.
21st century
In October 2013, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah announced his intention to enforce the Criminal Law of Sharia law on Muslims in the country, which takes up about two-thirds of the country's population. It will be implemented in three phases, culminating in 2016, and making Brunei the first and only East Asia country to introduce Sharia law into criminal law. This move attracted international criticism, the United Nations expressed "deep concern".
Geography
Brunei is a Southeast Asian country consisting of two unrelated parts with a total area of ​​5,765 square kilometers (2,226 square meters) on the island of Borneo. It has 161 kilometers (100 miles) of coastline next to the South China Sea, and it shares 381 km (237 mi) border with Malaysia. It has 500 square kilometers (193Ã, sqÃ, mi) of territorial waters, and an exclusive 200-nautical-mile economic zone (370Ã, km; 230Ã, mi).
Approximately 97% of the population lives in the greater west (Belait, Tutong, and Brunei-Muara), while only about 10,000 people live in the eastern part of the mountains (Temburong District). Brunei's total population is around 408,000 in July 2010, of which approximately 150,000 live in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. Other major cities are the port city of Muara, the oil-producing city of Seria and its neighboring city of Kuala Belait. In Belait District, the Panaga area is home to a large number of European expatriates, due to Royal Dutch Shell and British Army housing, and several recreational facilities located there.
Much of Brunei's territory is in the lowland rain forest of Borneo, which covers most of the island. Inland mountain rain forest area.
Climate
The Brunei climate is a tropical equator.
Politics and government
The political system of Brunei is governed by the constitution and the national tradition of Malay Islamic Monarchy, the concept of the Malay Muslim Melayu (MIB). The three components of MIB include Malay culture, Islam, and the political framework under the monarchy. It has a legal system under general English law, although Islamic Sharia law supersedes this in some cases. Brunei has parliament but no election; the last election was held in 1962.
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah is the head of state with a full executive authority. Since 1962, this authority has included emergency power, which is renewed every two years. Brunei was technically under military emergency since the Brunei Revolution in 1962. Hassanal Bolkiah also serves as the Prime Minister of the state, the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Defense. The Royal Family maintains a respectable status in Brunei.
Foreign relations
Until 1979, Brunei's foreign relations were managed by the British government. After that, they are handled by Brunei Diplomatic Service. After independence in 1984, the Service was upgraded to ministerial level and is now known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Officially Brunei's foreign policy is as follows:
- Respect each other's territorial sovereignty, integrity, and independence;
- Maintenance of friendly relations between countries;
- Not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries; and
- Maintenance and promotion of peace, security and stability in the region.
With its traditional ties to the British Empire, Brunei became the 49th member of the Commonwealth on its independence day on January 1, 1984. As one of its first initiatives towards better regional relations, Brunei joined ASEAN on January 7, 1984, becoming the sixth member. To achieve recognition of his sovereignty and independence, he joined the United Nations as a full member on 21 September of the same year.
As an Islamic country, Brunei became a full member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (now the Organization for Islamic Cooperation) in January 1984 at the Fourth Islamic Summit held in Morocco.
After its accession to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in 1989, Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in November 2000 and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July 2002. Brunei became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at 1 January 1995, and was a major player in BIMP-EAGA, formed during the Inaugural Ministers' Meeting in Davao, Philippines, on 24 March 1994.
Brunei has close ties with Singapore and the Philippines. In April 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen bilateral cooperation between the two countries in agriculture and trade and investment related to agriculture.
Brunei is one of many countries claiming some of the disputed Spratly Islands. Limbang's status as part of Sarawak has been debated by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890. This problem was reportedly completed in 2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in place of Malaysia submitting claims on oil fields in Brunei's waters. The Brunei government denied this and said that their claim to Limbang was never down.
Brunei is the ASEAN leader in 2013. It also hosted the ASEAN Summit in the same year.
Defense
Brunei maintains three infantry battalions stationed across the country. The Brunei navy has several "Ijtihad" patrol boats purchased from German manufacturers. The United Kingdom also has a base in Seria, the oil industry center in Brunei. A Gurkha battalion of 1,500 personnel was stationed there. British military personnel were stationed there under a defense agreement signed between the two countries.
A Bell 212 operated by air forces fell on Kuala Belait on July 20, 2012 with the loss of 12 of the 14 crew. The cause of the accident has not been confirmed. The accident was the worst flight incident in Brunei's history.
The Army is currently buying new equipment, including the UAV and S-70i Black Hawks.
The Brunei Legislative Council proposes an increase in defense budget for fiscal year 2016-17 about five percent to 564 million Brunei dollars ($ 408 million). This amounts to about ten percent of the country's total national annual expenditure and represents about 2.5 percent of GDP.
Administrative division
Brunei is divided into four districts ( daerahs ) and 38 sub-districts ( villages ).
The Temburong area is physically separated from the rest of Brunei by the Malaysian state of Sarawak.
The Brunei-Maura region includes the capital of Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, whose suburbs dominate fifteen of the eighteen mukims in the area.
More than 90% of Brunei's total population lives in 15 of 38 mukims:
Economy
Brunei's small and rich economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulations, welfare measures, and village traditions. Crude oil and natural gas production account for about 90% of its GDP. Around 167,000 barrels (26,600 m 3 ) of oil is produced every day, making Brunei the fourth largest oil producer in Southeast Asia. It also generates about 25.3 million cubic meters (890 ÃÆ'â € 10 6 Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã , Ã, Ã, Ã, of liquefied natural gas per day, making Brunei the world's ninth largest exporter of substances.
Substantial income from additional foreign investment income from domestic production. Most of this investment is made by Brunei Investment Agency, an arm of the Treasury. The government provides all medical services, and subsidizes rice and housing.
The national airline, Royal Brunei Airlines, is trying to develop Brunei as a simple hub for international travel between Europe and Australia/New Zealand. The core of this strategy is the position that the airline maintains at London Heathrow Airport. It holds a daily slot at the airport with a highly controlled capacity, serving from Bandar Seri Begawan via Dubai. The airline also has services to major destinations in Asia including Shanghai, Bangkok, Singapore and Manila.
Brunei relies heavily on imports such as agricultural products (eg rice, food products, livestock, etc.), Cars and electrical products from other countries. Brunei imports 60% of its food needs; of that amount, about 75% come from ASEAN countries.
The leaders of Brunei are deeply concerned that the ever-increasing integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion. But, it has become a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 2000 (APEC) forum. Leaders plan to increase the workforce, reduce unemployment, which is at 6.9% by 2014; strengthening the banking and tourism sector, and, in general, expanding its economic base.
The government of Brunei also promotes food self-sufficiency, especially rice. Brunei changed the name of Brunei Darussalam Rice 1 as Laila Rice at the launch of the "Rice Towards Achieving Fair Rice Production in Brunei Darussalam" ceremony in Wasan rice field in April 2009. In August 2009, the Royal Family reaped the first of several Laila rice stalks after years trying to increase local rice production, the first objective was articulated about half a century ago. In July 2009 Brunei launched a national halal branding scheme, Brunei Halal, with the aim of exporting to overseas markets.
Infrastructure
The population centers in the country are linked by a network of 2,800 kilometers (1,700 mi) of the road. The 135 kilometers (84 mi) highway from Muara Town to Kuala Belait is being upgraded to a double-lane track.
Brunei is accessible by air, sea and land transportation. Brunei International Airport is the main entry point into the country. Royal Brunei Airlines is a national airline. There is another airfield, Anduki Airfield, located in Seria. The ferry terminal in Muara provides regular connections to Labuan (Malaysia). Speedboat provides passenger and freight transportation to Temburong district. The main highway that crosses Brunei is Tutong-Muara Toll Road. The country's road network is well developed. Brunei has one main seaport located in Muara.
Airports in Brunei are currently being upgraded extensively. Changi Airport International is a consultant working on this modernization, which plans a current cost of $ 150 million. The project is scheduled to add 14,000 square meters (150,000 sqÃ, ft) of new floors and includes new terminals and arrivals hall. With the completion of this project, the annual airport passenger capacity is expected to double from 1.5 to 3 million.
With one private car for every 2.09 people, Brunei has one of the highest car ownership levels in the world. This is attributed to the absence of a comprehensive transport system, low import taxes, and low unleaded gasoline prices of B $ 0.53 per liter.
A new 30 kilometer (19 mi) road linking Muara and Temburong districts in Brunei is scheduled to be completed by 2019. Fourteen kilometers (9 mi) of this road will cross Brunei Bay. The cost of the bridge is $ 1.6 billion.
Banking
The Bank of China just (April 2016) gets permission to open a branch in Brunei. Citibank, which entered in 1972, closed its operations in Brunei in 2014. HSBC, which has entered the year 1947, is currently in the process of closing its operations in the country.
Demographics
Traditional customs to Brunei include Belait, Brunei Bisaya (not to be confused with Bisaya/Visaya from the nearest Philippines), native Malay natives of Brunei, Dusun, Kedayan, Lun Bawang, Murut and Tutong.
The population of Brunei in 2016 is 423.196 of whom 76% live in urban areas. The urbanization rate is estimated at 2.13% per year from 2010 to 2015. The average life expectancy is 77.7 years. By 2014, 65.7% of the population is Malay, 10.3% are Chinese, 3.4% are indigenous, with 20.6% smaller groups make up the rest. Brunei's official language is Malay. The Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports supports a lingual movement aimed at increasing the use of language in Brunei.
The main oral language is the Malay Brunei (Malay Brunei). The Malay language is somewhat different from the standard Malay language and the rest of the Malay dialect, being about 84% with a standard Malay language, and largely unintelligible.
English and Chinese are also widely used, English is also used in business, as a working language, and as a medium of instruction from primary education to higher education, and there is a relatively large expatriate community.
Most expatriates come from non-Muslim countries such as Australia, England, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and India.
Other spoken languages ​​and dialects include Arabic, Kedayan Malay dialect, Malay Tutong dialect, Murut and Dusun.
Religion
Islam is the official religion of Brunei, especially from the Sunni branch, as dictated by Madhhab Shafi'i. Two-thirds of the population, including the majority of Brunei's Malays, adhere to Islam. Other faiths practiced are Buddhism (13%, especially by Chinese) and Christians (10%). Free thinkers, most Chinese, make up about 7% of the population. Although most of them practiced some form of religion with the elements of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, they preferred to present themselves for not officially practicing religion, thus being labeled as atheists in the official census. Indigenous religious followers are about 2% of the population.
Languages ​​
The official language of Brunei is the Standard Malay, which is used for Latin alphabet and Arabic alphabet. Local dialect, Brunei Malay (Brunei Malay), is the most widely used language.
English is widely used as a business and official language and it is spoken by the majority of the population in Brunei.
The Chinese minority in Brunei speaks of a number of Chinese variations.
Arabic (????) is the religion of the Muslims. Therefore, Arabic is taught in schools, in particular religious schools, as well as in higher education institutions. In 2004, there were six Arab schools and one religious school in Brunei. The majority of Muslim Indonesians have had formal or informal forms of reading, writing and speaking Arabic as part of their religious education.
Culture
The culture of Brunei is dominated by Malays (reflecting its ethnicity), with great influence from Islam, but viewed more conservatively than Indonesia and Malaysia. The influence on Brunei culture comes from Malay culture in Malay Archipelago. Four periods of cultural influence have taken place, animism, Hinduism, Islam, and the West. Islam had a powerful influence, and was adopted as Brunei's ideology and philosophy. Brunei's official primary language is Malay but English is also widely spoken as it is a compulsory subject in most schools.
As a Sharia state, the sale and consumption of alcohol by the public is prohibited. Non-Muslims are allowed to carry a limited amount of alcohol from embarkation points abroad for their own personal consumption.
Media
The media in Brunei is said to be pro-government . The state has been granted "No Free" status by Freedom House; government press criticism and monarchy are rare. Nevertheless, the press is not openly hostile to alternative viewpoints and is not limited to publishing articles on the government. The government allowed the printing and publishing company, Brunei Press PLC, to be formed in 1953. The company continues to print the English-language newspaper Borneo Bulletin. This paper began as a weekly community paper and became daily in 1990 Apart from The Borneo Bulletin, there is also Permata Media and the Pelita Brunei, Malay newspaper local circulating every day. The Brunei Times is another English-language independent newspaper published in Brunei since 2006.
The Government of Brunei owns and operates six television channels with the introduction of digital TV using DVB-T (RTB 1, RTB 2, RTB 3 (HD), RTB 4, RTB 5 and RTB New Media (Game portal)) and five radio stations (National FM , FM Option, Nur Islam FM, Harmony FM and Rainbow FM). A private company has made cable television available (Astro-Crystal) as well as one personal radio station, Crystal FM. It also has an online campus radio station, UBD FM that flows from its first university, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Sports
The most popular sport in Brunei is football association. Brunei's national football team joined FIFA in 1969, but has not had much success. The top two football leagues are Brunei Super League and Brunei Premier League.
Brunei debuted at the Olympics in 1996; it has competed in all the next Summer Olympics except 2008. The country has competed in badminton, shooting, swimming, and track-and-field, but has not won any medals yet. Brunei has had a bit more success at the Asian Games, winning four bronze medals. The first major international sports event to be held in Brunei was the Southeast Asian Games in 1999. According to the all-time Southeast Asian medal table, Bruneian athletes have won a total of 11 golds in the game; only Timor-Leste wins less.
Legal system
Brunei has many courts in its judicial branch. The highest court is the Supreme Court, which consists of the Court of Appeals and the Court of Appeal. Both have a chief judge and two judges.
Women and children
The US State Department has stated that discrimination against women is a problem in Brunei. The law prohibits sexual harassment and stipulates that anyone who attacks or uses criminal power, with the intent to anger or know that it might upset one's politeness, should be sentenced to five years in prison and caning. The law imposes a prison sentence of up to 30 years, and caning with no less than 12 strokes for rape. The law does not criminalize rape of husbands; explicitly declare that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife, as long as he is not under 13 years of age, is not a rape. Protection against sexual assault by spouses is conducted under the Law of the Islamic Family amended by the 2010 Act and Married Women Act 2010. The penalty for violating the protection order is a fine not exceeding BN $ 2,000 ($ 1,538) or no more than a prison six months.
Citizenship is passed on from one's parents rather than through birth in the territory of the state. Parents with stateless status must apply for a special permit for a child born in that country; failure to enroll a child can make it difficult to enroll a child in school. According to the law of sexual intercourse with a woman under the age of 14 is rape and can be sentenced to imprisonment of not less than eight years and not more than 30 years and not less than 12 cane blows. The purpose of the law is to protect girls from exploitation through prostitution and "other immoral purposes" including pornography.
Human rights
The revised Brunei penal code entered into force on 22 April 2014, which provides for the death penalty for violations (both violence and non-violence), defamation or defamation of Muhammad, insulting verses of the Qur'an and Hadith, blasphemy, declaring themselves to be prophets or non-Muslims, robbery, rape, adultery, sodomy, extramarital sexual intercourse for Muslims and murder. The dead crown is "the method of execution for sexual offenses". Rupert Colville, spokesman for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) stated that, "The application of the death penalty for such violations is contrary to international law."
Male and female homosexuality is illegal in Brunei. The country passed a law which came into force on April 22, 2014, allowing the death penalty to be administered by stoning for homosexual acts, such as sexual intercourse, in view of sufficient evidence to indicate action (ie with four trusted, impartial, and witnesses really present). It has been recognized as a crime in Brunei with the introduction of Sharia law. The law also provides that adultery should be punished with stoning because there is sufficient evidence to show such action (ie with four trustworthy, impartial, and honest witnesses present). Without four qualified witnesses, there will be no stoning.
In December 2017, no case in the Sharia Criminal Code would result in the death penalty without four eligible witnesses.
Religious rights
After adopting sharia, the Sultan forbade Christmas decorations in public places such as shopping centers, believing that it might disrupt Islamic practice. However, local and foreign Christians are still allowed to celebrate Christmas as usual. On December 25, 2015, 4,000 of the 18,000 local Catholics are expected to attend Christmas and Christmas Eve mass.
"To be honest, nothing has changed for us this year, no new restrictions have been set, although we fully respect and abide by the existing rules that our celebrations and worship are limited to a mixture of churches and private residences," according to Bishop Cornelius Sim, Catholic Church in Brunei.
Animal rights
Brunei is the first country in Asia to ban national logging.
Brunei has retained much of its forest, compared to its neighboring island of Borneo. There is a public campaign call to protect the anteater that is considered threatened property in Brunei.
Health
There are four government-run hospitals in Brunei, one for each district. There are also 16 health centers and 10 health clinics.
Health care in Brunei is charged B $ 1 per consultation for citizens and is free for anyone under the age of 12. The health center run by Brunei Shell Petroleum is located in Panaga. For medical assistance not available in the country, residents are sent abroad at government expense. In the 2011-12 period, 327 patients were treated in Malaysia and Singapore at a cost to the government of $ 12 million.
Brunei has 2.8 hospital beds per 1000 people. HIV/AIDS prevalence is currently at 0.1%, and many AIDS awareness campaigns are currently being held.
7.5% of the population is obese, the highest prevalence rate in ASEAN. Also, research by the Department of Health shows that at least 20% of school children in Brunei are overweight or obese.
The largest hospital in Brunei is the hospital of the King Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha (RIPAS), which has 550 beds in 1992, located in the capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan. There are two private medical centers, Gleneagles JPMC Sdn Bhd. and Jerudong Park Medical Center. The Health Promotion Center opened in November 2008 and serves to educate the public about the importance of having a healthy lifestyle.
Currently there is no medical school in Brunei, and Brunei people who want to study to become doctors must study abroad. However, the Institute of Medicines has been introduced at the University of Brunei Darussalam and a new building has been built for faculty. The building, including a research laboratory facility, was completed in 2009. There has been a School of Nursing since 1951. Fifty eight nursing managers are appointed at RIPAS to improve service and provide better medical care. In December 2008, Nursing colleges joined the Institute of Medicines at the University of Brunei Darussalam to produce more nurses and midwives. Now called the Institute of Health Sciences PAPRSB (Pengiran Anak Princess Rashidah Sa'datul Bolkiah).
See also
- List of Brunei related topics
- Outline of Brunei
References
- Source
External links
Government
- Website of Prime Minister of Brunei Darussalam
- Heads of State and Cabinet Member
Informasi umum
- "Brunei". The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
- Profil Brunei dari BBC News
- Brunei di EncyclopÃÆ'¦dia Britannica
- Wikimedia Atlas of Brunei
- Prakiraan Perkembangan Utama untuk Brunei dari International Futures
Travel
- Brunei Tourism website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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