The out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE ) is an experience that usually involves a floating sensation outside of a person's body and, in some cases, the feeling of feeling a person's physical body as if from a place outside one's body (autoscopy).
The term out-of-body experience was introduced in 1943 by GNM Tyrrell in his book Appiitions, and was adopted by researchers like Celia Green and Robert Monroe as an alternative to the centrist-centric label such as "astral projection", "soul journey", or "spirit walk". OBE can be caused by brain trauma, sensory deprivation, near-death experience, dissociative and psychedelic drugs, dehydration, sleep, and electrical stimulation of the brain, among others. It can also be deliberately persuaded by some people. One in ten people experience OBE once, or more often, several times in their lives.
Neurologists and psychologists regard OBE as a dissociative experience arising from different psychological and neurological factors.
Video Out-of-body experience
spontaneous
During/near sleep
Those who experience OBE occasionally report (among other types of direct and spontaneous experiences) that precede and start a clear dream state. In many cases, people who claim to have an OBE report are on the verge of sleeping, or are asleep shortly before experiencing. Most of these cases refer to situations where sleep is not too deep (due to illness, voices in other rooms, emotional distress, exhaustion from overwork, frequent waking up, etc.). In most of these cases, subjects consider themselves to be awake; about half of them noted feeling of sleep paralysis.
Near-death experience
Another spontaneous form of OBE is the near-death experience (NDE). Some subjects reported having experienced OBE during severe physical trauma such as near drowning or major surgery. The near-death experience may include subjective impressions outside the physical body, sometimes the visions of relatives of the deceased and religious figures, and the transcendence of the ego and the spatiotemporal boundaries. Usually experience includes factors such as: feelings of death; feelings of peace and pain; hearing various non-physical sounds, experiences outside the body; tunnel experience (feelings moving upward or through a narrow alley); confront "light creatures" and God-like figures or similar entities; given a "life review", and a reluctance to return to life.
Resulting from extreme physical effort
Along the same lines as the NDE, extreme physical effort during activities such as climbing heights and running a marathon can drive the OBE. A feeling of bilocation may be experienced, with both ground-based and air-based perspectives being experienced simultaneously.
Maps Out-of-body experience
Induced
Chemistry
- OBE can be induced by hallucinogens (especially dissociative) such as psilocybin, ketamine, DMT, MDA, and LSD.
Mental Induction
- Sleep physically without losing consciousness. The state of "Mind Awake, Body Asleep" is widely suggested as the cause of OBE, voluntary and otherwise. Thomas Edison used this situation to solve problems while working on his invention. He would rest the silver dollar on his head while sitting with a metal bucket in a chair. When he fell asleep, the coin would noisily fall into the bucket, restoring some of his vigilance. OBE pioneer Sylvan Muldoon is simpler using a lower arm held perpendicularly in bed as a falling object. Salvador DalÃÆ' is said to use a similar "paranoid-critical" method to get strange eyesight that inspires his paintings. Deliberately hobbling between waking and sleeping states is known to cause spontaneous trance episodes early in sleep which ultimately helps when trying to induce OBE. By moving deeper and deeper into relaxation, one eventually finds the feeling of "slipping" if the mind is still alert. This slipping is reported to feel like leaving a physical body. Some regard progressive relaxation as a passive form of sensory deprivation.
- Trans deep, meditation, and visualization. The types of visualization vary; some common analogies include climbing a rope to "pull out" of a person's body, floating out of one's body, shot from a cannon, and other similar approaches. This technique is considered difficult to use for people who can not relax properly. One such example of this technique is the popular Golden Dawn "Body Light" technique.
Mechanical induction
- Brainwave sync via audio/visual stimulation. Binaural beats can be used to induce the frequency of certain brainwaves, especially the dominant ones in various states of the wakeful mind/body asleep. The binaural induction of the "brainwave" frequency 4 Hertz is observed to be effectively effective by the Monroe Institute, and some authors consider binaural beats to significantly support OBE initiation when used in conjunction with other techniques. The simultaneous introduction of "mind awake" beta frequencies (detectable in the brains of normal, casually awakened individuals) is also observed as constructive. Other popular technologies use sinusoidal wave pulses to achieve the same result, and the drums that accompany the Native American religious ceremony are also believed to have increased acceptance to "another world" through the mechanism of brainwave retention.
- Magnetic stimulation of the brain, like God's helmet developed by Michael Persinger.
- Direct stimulation of the vestibular cortex.
- Brain electrical stimulation, especially temporoparietal encounters (see Blanke's study below).
- Sensory deprivation. This approach aims to trigger intense disorientation with the deletion of space and time references. Flotation tanks or pink sounds played through headphones are often used for this purpose.
- Excessive sensor, the opposite of sensory retraction. Such subjects can, for example, be shaken for a long time in a specially designed cradle, or submitted to mild forms of torture, to cause the brain to close itself from all sensory input. Both conditions tend to cause confusion and disorientation often allows the subject to experience a clear and subtle outer body experience.
- Strong G-force that causes blood to flow from parts of the brain, as experienced for example in high-performance aircraft or high-G training for pilots and astronauts.
- Tools that use a head-mounted screen and a confusing touch of proprioception (and which can also create additional lung sensations).
OBEs Theories
Psychological
In the field of cognitive science and psychology, OBE is considered a dissociative experience arising from different psychological and neurological factors. Scientists consider OBE as the experience of a mental state, such as a dream or state of consciousness that changes without paranormal help.
Charles Richet (1887) states that OBEs are created by the memory and process of the subject's imagination and are no different from dreams. James H. Hyslop (1912) writes that OBEs occur when the activity of the subconscious mind dramatizes a particular image to give the impression that the subject is in a different physical location. Eugà ©  © ne Osty (1930) considers OBEs no more than imaginary products. Other early researchers (such as Schmeing, 1938) supported psychophysiological theories. G. N. M. Tyrrell defines OBE as a hallucinatory construction related to the level of the subconscious personality.
Donovan Rawcliffe (1959) linked the OBE experience with psychosis and hysteria. Other researchers have discussed the phenomenon of OBE in terms of body image distortion (Horowitz, 1970) and depersonalization (Whitlock, 1978). Psychologists Nandor Fodor (1959) and Jan Ehrenwald (1974) propose that the OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with death threats. According to (Irin and Watt, 2007) Jan Ehrenwald has described an out-of-body experience (OBE) "as a confirmation of the shadow of the question for immortality, a delusion effort to convince ourselves that we have souls that exist independently of the physical Body Psychologist Donald Hebb (1960 ) and Cyril Burt (1968) wrote about OBE's psychological interpretation involving body image and visual imagery Graham Reed (1974) argues that OBE is a stress reaction to a painful situation, such as loss of love, John Palmer (1978) writes that OBE is response to changes in body image that cause threats to personal identity.
Carl Sagan (1977) and Barbara Honegger (1983) wrote that the OBE experience may be based on a fantasy of rebirth or reviving the birth process based on reports of tunnel-like tunnels and cable connections as by some OBErs that they compare to the umbilical cord. Susan Blackmore (1978) came to the conclusion that OBE is a hallucinatory fantasy because it has the characteristics of imaginary perception, perceptual distortion and fantasy-like perception (like having no body). Ronald Siegel (1980) also writes that OBEs are hallucinatory fantasies.
Harvey Irwin (1985) presented the OBE theory that involves cognitive processes of attention and somatic sensory activity. His theory involves the construct of cognitive personality known as psychological absorption and gives an example of OBE classification as an example of autoscopy, depersonalization and mental dissociation. Psychophysiologist Stephen Laberge (1985) has written that explanations for OBEs can be found in clear dreaming. David Hufford (1989) attributes the OBE experience to a phenomenon he describes as a nightmare experience, a kind of sleep paralysis. Other scientists also associate OBE with cases of hypnagogia and sleep paralysis (cataplexy).
In the case study, prone to fantasy has been shown to be higher among OBErs than those who do not have OBE. The data shows the relationship between the OBE experience in some cases and the fantasy prone personality (FPP). In a case study involving 167 participants, the findings revealed that those who claimed to have experienced OBE were "more likely to be fantasy, higher in their beliefs in the paranormal and showed greater dissociation of somatoform." Research from the study also shows that OBEs are associated with cognitive-perceptual schizotypy.
Terence Hines (2003) has written that spontaneous out-of-body experiences can be generated by brain-made stimulation and this strongly suggests that the OBE experience is caused by "temporary, minor, brain-not malfunctions by one's spirit (or whatever) "In a review of neurological and neurocognitive data studies (BÃÆ'¼nning and Blanke, 2005) writes that OBEs are due to" functional disintegration of low-level multisensor processing and abnormal high-level self-processing at temporoparietal meetings. " Some scientists suspect that OBE is the result of a mismatch between visual and tactile signals.
Richard Wiseman (2011) has noted that OBE research has focused on the discovery of psychological explanations and "the outer experience of the body is not paranormal and provides no evidence for the soul, instead they reveal something far more remarkable about the daily workings of your brain and body. A study conducted by Jason Braithwaite and colleagues (2011) linked OBE with "nerve instability in the temporal lobe of the brain and errors in the body's own sense". Braithwaite et al . (2013) reported that "the current and dominant view is that OBE occurs due to temporary disruption in the multi-sensory integration process."
Paranormal
The authors in the field of parapsychology and the occult have written that the OBE is not psychological and that the soul, spirit or subtle body can escape from the body and visit distant locations. Outer experience is known during the Victorian period in the spiritualist literature as a "clairvoyance journey". Psychic researcher Frederic Myers refers to OBE as a "psychic journey". A preliminary study describing the alleged OBEs case is a two-volume Phantasms of the Living, published in 1886 by psychic researchers Edmund Gurney, Myers and Frank Podmore. The book is heavily criticized by the scientific community because anecdotal reports have no substantial evidence in almost every case.
The Theosophist Arthur Powell (1927) was an early writer to advocate the delicate body theory of OBEs. Sylvan Muldoon (1936) embraced the concept of an etheric body to explain the OBE experience. The psychic researcher Ernesto Bozzano (1938) also supports a similar view that describes the phenomenon of the OBE experience in terms of bilocation in which the "etheric body" can release itself from the physical body in rare circumstances. The body theory is also supported by occult authors such as Ralph Shirley (1938), Benjamin Walker (1977) and Douglas Baker (1979). James Baker (1954) writes that the mental body enters the "intercosmic region" during the OBE. Robert Crookall in many publications supports the smooth body theory of OBE.
The paranormal interpretation of OBEs has not been supported by all researchers in parapsychological studies. Gardner Murphy (1961) writes that OBEs "are not too far from the known common psychological field, which we begin to understand more and more without paranormal help".
In the 1970s, Karlis Osis conducted many OBE experiments with psychic Alex Tanous. For this series of experiments he was asked when in the state of OBE to try to identify color targets placed in remote locations. Osis reported that in 197 trials there were 114 attacks. However, control of the experiment has been criticized and according to Susan Blackmore, the final result is not very significant because 108 is likely to happen by chance. Blackmore notes that the results provide "no evidence for accurate perception in OBE".
In April 1977, a patient from the Harborview Medical Center known as Mary claimed to have had an out-of-body experience. During OBE he claimed to have floated outside his body and outside the hospital. Maria will then inform Kimberly Clark's social worker that during OBE she observes tennis shoes on the third floor window on the north side of the building. Clark will go to the north wing of the building and by looking out the window can see tennis shoes at one edge. Clark published the account in 1985. This story has since been used in many paranormal books as evidence that the spirit can leave the body.
In 1996, Hayden Ebbern, Sean Mulligan, and Barry Beyerstein visited the Medical Center to investigate the story. They placed tennis shoes on the same ledge and found that the shoes were visible from inside the building and could easily be observed by a patient lying in bed. They also found the shoes easily observable from outside the building and suggested that Maria hear comments about it for three days at the hospital and put it in her OBE. They conclude, "The story of Mary only reveals the naivetÃÆ' Â © and the power of wishful thinking" of OBE researchers seeking a paranormal explanation. Clark did not publish the description of the case until seven years after it happened, raising doubts on the story. Richard Wiseman has said that although his story is not any paranormal evidence, it is "repeated endlessly by writers who either can not be bothered to examine the facts, or do not want to present their readers with a more skeptical side of the story."
Study on OBEs
The initial collection of the OBE case was created by Ernesto Bozzano (Italy) and Robert Crookall (UK). Crookall approaches the subject from a spiritualistic position, and gathers his case primarily from spiritualist newspapers such as Psychic News, which seems to have biased the results in various ways. For example, most of the subjects reported seeing the umbilical cord connecting the physical body and its observer peers; while Green found that less than 4% of the subjects paid attention to this sort of thing, and about 80% reported that they were "bodyless consciousness", with no external body at all.
The first extensive scientific study of OBEs was made by Celia Green (1968). He collected the first handwriting of a total of 400 subjects, recruited by appeals in mainstream media, and followed up with a questionnaire. The goal is to provide taxonomies of different types of OBE, seen only as perceptual experiences or hallucinatory anomalies, while leaving open the question whether some cases may combine information obtained by extrasensory perceptions.
In 1999, at the 1st International Awareness Research Forum in Barcelona, ​​research practitioners of the International Awareness Academy, Wagner Alegretti and Nanci Trivellato presented preliminary findings from an online survey of out-of-body experiences answered by internet users who are interested in the subject; Therefore, it is not representative of samples from the general population.
1,007 (85%) of the first 1,185 respondents reported having an OBE. 37% claimed to have between two and ten OBEs. 5.5% claimed more than 100 such experiences. 45% of those reporting OBE said they managed to induce at least one OBE using a particular technique. 62% of participants claiming to have OBE also reported having enjoyed non-physical flight; 40% reported experiencing the self-bilocation phenomenon (ie seeing the physical body itself while outside the body); and 38% claimed to have experienced self permeability (passing through physical objects such as walls). The most frequently reported sensations are experienced in connection with falling, floating, falling-for-impact OBEs. myoclonia (jerking of the limbs, jerking awake), drowning, numbness, intracranial sound, tingling, clairvoyance, oscillation and tranquility.
Another reported general sensation associated with OBE is temporary or projective katalepsy, a more common feature of sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis and OBE correlation were then corroborated by the Out-of-Body Experience and Arousal Study published in Kevin Nelson and colleagues from the University of Kentucky in 2007. The study found that people who had out-of-body experience is more likely to suffer from sleep paralysis.
Also worth noting is the Canadian Unusual Contact Experience Questionnaire which further illustrates the correlation. William Buhlman, a writer on the subject, has conducted an informal but informative online survey.
In the survey, 85% of respondents said they heard a loud noise, known as "exploding head syndrome" (EHS), during the onset of OBEs.
Miss Z Study
In 1968, Charles Tart conducted an OBE experiment with a subject known as Miss Z for four nights in his sleep lab. The subject is attached to the EEG machine and a five-digit code is placed on the shelf above the bed. He did not claim to see the number on the first three nights but on the fourth gave the number correctly. Psychologist James Alcock criticized experiments for inadequate control and questioned why subjects were not visually monitored by video cameras. Martin Gardner has written that experiment is not a proof for OBE and suggests that while Tart "snores behind a window, Miss Z just stands in bed, without letting go of the electrode, and peeking." Susan Blackmore writes, "If Miss Z is trying to climb, brainwave records will show interference patterns, and that's exactly what it shows."
Neurological and OBE-like experiences
There are several possible physiological explanations for the parts of the OBE. Experiences such as OBE have been induced by brain stimulation. Experiences such as OBE have also been induced through posterior stimulation of the right superior temporal gyrus in patients. Positron-emission tomography is also used in this study to identify areas of the brain affected by this stimulus. The term OBE-like is used above because the experience described in this experiment lacks some clarity or detail of the normal OBE, or is explained by subjects who have never experienced OBE before. Therefore, the subject is not eligible to make claims about the authenticity of OBE induced by the experiment.
British psychologist Susan Blackmore and others suggest that OBE begins when a person loses contact with sensory input from the body while remaining conscious. The person maintains the illusion of having a body, but that perception is no longer of the senses. The perceived world can resemble the world that it generally occupies when awake, but this perception does not come from the senses as well. The living body and the living world are made by our brain's ability to create a fully convincing realm, even without sensory information. This process is witnessed by each of us every night in our dreams, though OBE is claimed to be much more alive than a clear dream.
Irwin pointed out that OBEs seem to occur in conditions of either very high or very low excitability. For example, Green found that three quarters of a group of 176 subjects who reported one OBE were lying in the experience, and from 12% thought they had fallen asleep when it started. In contrast, most cases occur under conditions of maximum arousal, such as the fall of rock climbing, traffic accidents, or childbirth. McCreery states that this paradox can be explained by referring to the fact that sleep can be a supervene in reaction to extreme stress or hyper-stimulation. He proposes that OBEs under both conditions, relaxation and hyper-stimulation, represent the form of "dream wake up," or the intrusion of stage 1 of the sleep process becomes conscious.
Olaf Blanke's Study
Research by Olaf Blanke in Switzerland found that it was possible to gain experience believed to be similar to OBE by stimulating a brain region called the temporal-parietal junction (TPJ, the area where the temporal lobe and the parietal lobes of the brain converge). Blanke and his Swiss colleagues have explored the OBEs nerve bases by showing that they are associated with lesions in the appropriate TPJ region and that they can be obtained reliably with electrical stimuli in the region in patients with epilepsy. This acquired experience may include perceptions of patient's arm and foot transformation (complex somatosensory response) and whole-body displacement (vestibular responses).
On a normal neurologic subject, Blanke and colleagues then show that the conscious experience of self and body is in the same location depending on multisensor integration in TPJ. By using event-related potentials, Blanke and colleagues showed selective activation of TPJ 330-400 ms after stimulus onset when healthy volunteers visualized themselves in visual positions and perspectives commonly reported by people who experienced spontaneous outbreaks. Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the same subject damages the mental transformation of the participant's own body. No such effects are found with other site stimuli or for imaginary spatial transformations of external objects, suggesting selective implications of TPJ in the body's own mental image.
In a follow-up study, Arzy et al. shows that the location and time of activation of the brain depends on whether mental imagery is performed with a mental, bodyless, self-contained location. When subjects perform mental imagery with embodied locations, there is an increased activation area called the "extrastriate body area" (EBA), but when subjects perform mental imagery with a non-body location, as reported in OBE, there is an increase in activation within the TPJ area. This causes Arzy et al. to state that "these data suggest that brain activity is distributed in the EBA and TPJ as well as their time is critical for self-coding as manifest and spatially located within the human body."
Blanke and his colleagues thus propose that proper temporal-parietal junctions are important for a sense of the spatial location of the self, and that when this normal process goes awry, OBE arises.
In August 2007, Blanke's lab published a study in Science showing that conflicting visual-somatosensory inputs in virtual reality can disrupt the spatial unity between self and body. During multisensor conflicts, participants feel as if the virtual bodies visible in front of them are their own bodies and mistakenly direct themselves toward the virtual body, to positions outside their body boundaries. This suggests that spatial unity and physical self-consciousness can be studied experimentally and based on the processing of multisensor and cognitive body information.
Ehrsson Study
In August 2007, Henrik Ehrsson, then at the Institute of Neurology at the University College of London (now at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden), published a study in Science that demonstrated the first experimental method which, according to claim scientists in the publication , induce an out-of-body experience in healthy participants. The experiments were conducted in the following ways:
Study participants sitting in a chair wearing a pair of video displays mounted on the head. It has two small screens above each eye, which shows live films recorded by two video cameras placed next to each other two meters behind the participant's head. Images from the left video camera are presented in the left eye view and the image from the right camera on the right eye view. Participants see this as a "stereoscopic" (3D) image, so they see their own backs displayed from the point of view of someone sitting behind them.
Researchers then stand right next to the participants (in their view) and use two plastic rods to simultaneously touch the chest of the actual out-of-view participants and the illusionary body chest, moving this second rod toward where the illusion chest will be, just below the camera's view.
Participants confirmed that they had experienced sitting behind their physical bodies and seeing it from that location.
Both the critics and the experiments themselves note that this study failed to replicate the "massive" OBEs. Like previous experiments that induce a floating sensation outside the body, Ehrsson's work does not explain how brain damage can cause OBE. Essentially, Ehrsson creates an illusion that fits the OBE definition in which "a wakeful person sees his body from a location outside the physical body."
Awareness during Resuscitation Study
In 2001, Sam Parnia and his colleagues investigated from the body's claims by placing numbers on a suspended board facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. Parnia writes "anyone who claims to have left their bodies and is near the ceiling during resuscitation efforts will be expected to identify those targets, if, however, those perceptions are psychological, then one clearly does not expect targets to be identified. The philosopher Keith Augustine, who studied the study of Parnia, has written that all target identification experiments have produced negative results. Psychologist Chris French writes about this study "unfortunately, and somewhat unusual, no survivors in this sample experienced OBE."
In the fall of 2008, 25 UK and US hospitals began participating in the study, coordinated by Sam Parnia and Southampton University, known as AWARE studies (AWAreness during Reguscitation). Following the work of Pim van Lommel in the Netherlands, this study aims to examine the near-death experience of 1,500 heart attack victims and determine whether people without heart rate or brain activity can have documented out-of-body experiences. As part of the study, Parnia and her colleagues have investigated the body's claims by using hidden targets placed on racks that can only be seen from above. Parnia has written "if nobody sees pictures, it shows these experiences are illusions or false memories".
In 2014, Parnia issued a statement indicating that the first phase of the project has been completed and the results are undergoing peer review for publication in medical journals. No subject sees a picture that was installed invisibly according to Parnia's preliminary report on research at the American Heart Association meeting in November 2013. Only two out of 152 patients reported visual experience, and one of them described verifiable events. Two NDEs that occur in an area "no visual targets are placed".
On October 6, 2014, the results of this study were published in the journal Resuscitation. Among those who reported perceptual awareness and completed further interviews, 46 percent experienced various mental memories in relation to deaths that were not compatible with the commonly used NDE terms. This includes a frightening and persecuting experience. Only 9 percent had NDE-compliant experience and 2 percent demonstrated full awareness compatible with OBE by explicitly recalling 'seeing' and 'hearing' events. One case was validated and it was time to use auditory stimulation during a heart attack. According to Caroline Watt, "The 'verifiable' consciousness period that can be reported by Parnia is not related to this objective test.Conversely, the patient who gives an accurate report about the event during resuscitation does not identify the drawings, he describes the noise of the machine defibrillator, but that's not very impressive as many people know what's going on in the emergency room setting from looking at recreation on television. "
AWARE Study II
In May 2016, a posting on the website of the UK Clinical Trials Gateway outlined a plan for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1500 patients who had a heart attack, with subjects recruited as 1 August 2014 and the final test date May 31, 2017.
Smith & amp; Messier
A functional imaging study has recently reported the case of a woman who can experience outside the body at will. He reports developing abilities as a child and relates it to the difficulty in falling sleep. OBEs continue to mature but become less frequent. She could see herself spinning in the air above her, lying flat, and rolling in the horizontal plane. He reported occasionally seeing himself move from above but remained conscious of his "immobile" immobile body. Participants reported no specific emotions associated with the experience. "[T] he functional brain changes associated with reported extra-corporeal experience (ECE) are different from those observed in image motors.Specific activation is left-sided and involves the supplementary left and supterior superior and supterior gyri temporal gyrial regions, the latter two overlapping overlap with temporal parietal intersections that have been linked to a cerebellar out-of-body experience. The cerebellum also exhibits consistent activation of the movement's motion-impression report during ECE. There is also a central orbital front of the left and superior gyri activity, an area often associated with action monitoring. "
OBE research training and facilities
The Nancy Penn Center at Monroe Institute is a facility that specializes in the induction of body-out experiences. The Center for Higher Studies of Awareness in Brazil is another great OBE training facility. The International Awareness Academy in southern Portugal features the Projectarium, a sphere structure dedicated exclusively to practice and research on an out-of-body experience. Olaf Blanke's Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory has been a well-known laboratory for OBE research.
Astral Projection
Astral projection is a paranormal interpretation of an out-of-body experience that assumes the existence of one or more non-physical existent planes and related bodies beyond the physical. Generally such aircraft are called astral , etheric , or spiritual . Astral projection is often experienced as an astral spirit or body that leaves the physical body to travel in the spirit world or astral plane.
See also
Note
Further reading
External links
- The Visualized Heartbeat Can Trigger the "Get Away from the Body" Experience. Association for Psychological Sciences.
- The out-of-body experience is recreated. BBC News.
- From their body experience and nerve base. Olaf Blanke.
- Electrodes trigger an out-of-body experience. Nature .
- An out-of-body experience: Master of illusion. Nature .
- The experience outside the body is "all in the mind". New Scientist .
- Out-of-body experience. Skeptical Dictionary .
- Exit-Body Experience? Your Brain Is Blaming. The New York Times .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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