The Histrionic personality disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by emotional patterns that seek excessive attention, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriate seductive behavior and excessive need for approval. Hysterics live, are dramatic, passionate, enthusiastic, and flirtatious. HPD is diagnosed four times more frequently in women as men. It affects 2-3% of the general population and 10-15% in inpatient and outpatient mental health institutions.
HPD lies in a dramatic cluster of personality disorders. People with HPD have a high need for attention, making harsh and inappropriate appearances, exaggerating their behavior and emotions, and stimulating cravings. They may exhibit sexually provocative behavior, express strong emotions with impressionistic styles, and can be easily influenced by others. Related features include egocentrism, self-indulgence, constant longing for appreciation, and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own needs.
Video Histrionic personality disorder
Signs and symptoms
People with HPD usually work high, both socially and professionally. They usually have good social skills, though they tend to use them to manipulate others to make them the center of attention. HPD can also affect a person's social and/or romantic relationships, as well as their ability to cope with loss or failure. They may seek treatment for clinical depression when a romantic relationship (or other personal relationship) ends.
Individuals with HPD often fail to see their personal situation realistically, instead of dramatizing and exaggerating their predicament. They may often experience job changes, because they get bored easily and may prefer to withdraw from frustration (rather than face it). Because they tend to crave newness and excitement, they can put themselves in risk situations. All of these factors can lead to greater risk for developing clinical depression.
Additional characteristics may include:
- Behavior of exhibitors
- Effortless search for certainty or consent
- Excessive sensitivity to criticism or rejection
- Pride has a personality and a reluctance to change, seeing any change as a threat
- Appearances or inappropriate behavior of sexual nature
- Use somatic symptoms (physical illness) to garner attention
- The need to be the center of attention
- Low tolerance for frustrated or delayed gratification
- Quickly change the status of emotions that may seem superficial or exaggerated to others
- The tendency to believe relationships are more intimate than they actually are
- Make hasty decisions
- Blame personal failure or disappointment on others
- Easily influenced by others, especially those who treat them duly
- Become very dramatic and emotional
- Influenced by someone else's suggestions
Some people with histrionic or personality traits change their seduction techniques into more maternal or paternal styles as they age.
Mnemonic
A mnemonic that can be used to remember the characteristics of a histrion personality disorder is shortened as "PRAISE ME":
- P rovocative (or tempting) behavior flexibility
- R is considered more intimate than the actual
- A ttention-seeking
- I is easily affected by other people or circumstances
- S peech (style) wants to impress; has no details
- E motional lability; superficiality
- M ake-up; physical appearance is used to draw attention to oneself
- E excessive emotion; plays
Maps Histrionic personality disorder
Cause
A small study has been done to find evidence of what caused the histrionic personality disorder and where it came from. Although the underlying cause can not be inferred there are several theories and studies conducted which show there are several possible causes. There are neurochemical, genetic, psychoanalytic, and environmental causes that contribute to the histrionic personality disorder. Features such as luxury, arrogance, and temptation of hysteria have qualities similar to those diagnosed with HPD. The symptoms of HPD do not fully develop until the age of 15 years with treatment only beginning in about 40 years. Examples of excessive excitement can be compared to the famous "grande hystÃÆ'Â © rie", a famous demonstration of hypnotism by Jean-Martin Charcot using his most famous subject, Blanche Wittmann. Wittmann is known for his charm and ability to make himself the center of attention, based on his hysteria and fancy appearance.
Neurochemical/Physiological
Studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between neurotransmitter function and Cluster B personality disorder such as HPD. Individuals diagnosed with HPD have a highly responsive noradrenergic system responsible for the synthesis, storage, and release of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine. High levels of norepinephrine cause high levels of anxiety, dependency, and socialization.
Genetic
Twin studies have helped in breaking up the genetic debate vs. the environment. A twin study conducted by the Psychology department at the University of Oslo sought to establish a correlation between genetic personality disorder and Cluster B. With a test sample of 221 twins, 92 monozygotes and 129 dizygotic twin researchers who interviewed the twins with Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorder DSM- III-R (SCID-II) and concludes that there is a correlation of 0.67 that the Histrionic Personality Disorder is hereditary.
Psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalytic theory incriminates authoritarian or distant attitudes by one (especially a mother) or both parents, along with conditional love based on expectations that the child can never fully fulfill. Using psychoanalysis, Freud believed that lust was a projection of the patient's lack of ability to love unconditionally and develop cognition to adulthood, and that the patient was generally emotionally superficial. He believes the reason for not being able to love can result from traumatic experiences, such as the death of a close relative during childhood or a person's parent's divorce, which gives the wrong impression of a committed relationship. Exposure to one or more traumatic events from close friends or family members going away (through neglect or death) will make the person unable to establish a true and loving attachment to others.
Another theory suggests a possible link between histrionic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Research has found 2/3 patients diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder also meet criteria similar to antisocial personality disorder, which suggests both disorders based on sex expression may have the same cause. Hysterual women in the media consistently, inculcating the idea that the only way women get attention is by exploiting themselves, and when temptation is not enough, theatrical is the next step in gaining attention. Men can also flirt with many women but do not feel empathy or compassion toward them. They can also be the center of attention by showing off the "Don Juan" macho figure as a role play.
Several family history studies have found that histrionic personality disorder, as well as a threshold and antisocial personality disorder, tends to run in families, but it is unclear whether this is caused by genetic or environmental factors. Both examples show that predisposing can be a factor why certain people are diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder, but little is known about whether the disorder is influenced by biologically or genetically inherited compounds. A small study has been conducted to determine the biological source, if any, of this disorder.
Diagnosis
A person's appearance, behavior, and history, along with a psychological evaluation, is usually sufficient to establish a diagnosis. There are no tests to confirm this diagnosis. Because the criteria are subjective, some people may be misdiagnosed.
DSM-IV-TR
Previous editions Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM IV-TR, defines histrionic personality disorder (in Cluster B) as:
The pattern of excessive emotionality and attention spread, started by early adulthood and is present in various contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
- uncomfortable in a situation where he is not the center of attention
Interactions- with others are often characterized by sexually inappropriate or provocative sexual behavior
- showcases rapidly changing and shallow emotions
- consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to yourself
- has an over impressionistic and less detailed style of talk
- show self-dramatization, theatricality, and excessive emotional expression
- is recommended, that is, easily influenced by others or circumstances
- thinks relationships are more intimate than they really are
The DSM-IV requires that a diagnosis for a particular personality disorder also meets a set of criteria for general personality disorder.
ICD-10
The World Health Organization ICD-10 lists histrionic personality disorders as:
Personality disorder characterized by:
- superficial and volatile effectiveness,
- self-dramatization,
- plays,
- excessive emotional expression,
- sugestibility,
- egocentrism,
- pamper yourself,
- lack of consideration for others,
- easily hurt feelings, and
- continue to seek appreciation, excitement, and attention.
It is an ICD-10 requirement that the diagnosis of a particular personality disorder also meets a set of common personality disorder criteria.
Comorbidity
Most histrionics also have other mental disorders. Comorbid conditions include: antisocial, dependent, limits, and narcissistic personality disorder, as well as depression, anxiety disorder, panic disorder, somatoform disorder, anorexia nervosa, substance use disorders and attachment disorders, including disruption of reactive attachment.
Millon subtype
Theodore Millon identifies six subtypes of histrionic personality disorder. Each individual histrionic may indicate none or one of the following:
Treatment
Treatment is often required by depression associated with a dissolved romantic relationship. Drugs do not affect personality disorders, but may help with symptoms like depression. Treatment for HPD itself involves psychotherapy, including cognitive therapy.
Interview and report method yourself
In general clinical practice with an assessment of personality disorder, one of the most popular forms of interview is; unstructured interview. The most preferred method is the semi-structured interview but there is a reluctance to use this type of interview because they can look impractical or superficial. The reason that semi-structured interviews are preferred over unstructured interviews is that semi-structured interviews tend to be more objective, systematic, replicable, and comprehensive. Unstructured interviews, despite their popularity, tend to have problems with unreliable and prone to errors that lead to false assumptions from clients.
One of the most successful methods for accessing personality disorders by normal personality function investigators is an inventory of self-reports that follow up with semi-structured interviews. There are some disadvantages with the self-report inventory method that with histrionic personality disorder there is distortion in character, self-presentation, and self-image. This can not be assessed simply by asking most clients if they match the criteria for the disorder. Most projective testing is less dependent on a person's ability or willingness to provide an accurate description of himself, but currently there is limited empirical evidence on projective testing to assess histrionic personality disorder.
Functional analytic psychotherapy
Another way to treat histrionic personality disorder after identification is through functional analytic psychotherapy. The work of a Functional Analytical Psychotherapist is to identify interpersonal problems with patients as they occur in sessions or outside sessions. The initial goals of functional analytical psychotherapy are determined by the therapist and include behaviors that are appropriate to the client's need for improvement. Functional analytic psychotherapy differs from traditional psychotherapy due to the fact that the therapist directly addresses the behavior patterns occurring in the session.
Behavior in patient or client sessions is considered an example of poor interpersonal communication patterns and to adjust their neurotic defenses. To do this, the therapist must act on the client's behavior as it happens in real time and provide feedback on how the client's behavior affects their relationship during therapy. The therapist also assists clients with histrionic personality disorder by showing behavior that occurs outside of care; this behavior is called "External Issues" and "External Improvements". This allows the therapist to assist in issues and improvements beyond the session and to verbally support the client and the conditions of optimal behavior patterns. "This can then reflect on how they progress in sessions and out of sessions by generalizing their behavior over time for change or repair ".
Client encoding and behavioral therapist
This is called client encoding and therapist behavior . In this session there is a series of dialogues or specific scripts that the therapist can impose on the client to provide insight into their behavior and reasons. "This is an example of" the conversation is hypothetical. T = Therapist C = This encoded Dialog Client can be transcribed as:
- ECRB - Generate clinically relevant behaviors
- Q: Tell me how you feel here today ( CRB2 ) C: Well, honestly, I'm nervous. Sometimes I feel worried about things that will happen, but I'm really glad I'm here.
- CRB1 - Issues in session
- C: Regardless, you always say that. (be calm). I do not know what I do talk so much.
- CRB2 - Repair in session
- TCRB1 - Clinically relevant responses to client issues
- Q: Now you seem to be withdrawing from me. It makes it difficult for me to give you what you might need from me right now. What do you think you want from me as we are talking about now? ".
- TCRB2 - Responses to client upgrades
- Q: Very good. I'm glad you're here too. I look forward to speaking with you.
Functional ideographic assessment template
Another example of treatment other than coding is the Functional Idesional Assessment Template. A functional ideographic assessment template, also known as FIAT, is used as a way to generalize the clinical process of functional analytic psychotherapy. Templates are created by the combined efforts of the therapist and can be used to represent the behavior that is the focus for this treatment. Using a FIAT therapist can create the same language for obtaining stable and accurate communication results through functional analytic psychotherapy on client ease; as well as a therapist.
Gender Studies and criteria
When people talk about Histrionic Personality Disorder, there is a considerable amount of talk about a common diagnosis in women compared to men as well as stereotyped criteria. A study of this was done by June Sprock and published in the Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Vol. 22, No. 2 . He has a group of first and second year psychology students separated into 3 different groups. They are each asked to look at different criteria in DSM-IIIR and DSM-IV and create 3 sample behaviors for assigned gender or neutral conditions. The list was then edited before being sent to a group of psychologists and psychiatrists for their answer to get their results. The results of this test are not surprising with "masculine behavior [] assessed as a far worse example of HPD criteria than non-sex-typed and feminine (trend) behavior."
Epidemiology
About 2-3% of the general population can be diagnosed with HPD. The characteristics of the main character can be inherited, while other traits may be due to a combination of genetics and the environment, including childhood experiences. This personality is seen more often in women than in men. About 65% of HPD diagnoses are women while 35% are men. Women are generally more than diagnosed because of potential biases. In Kaplan's "DSM-III Women's View" he stated that healthy women are often diagnosed automatically with HBD.
Many of the symptoms that represent HPD in DSM are exaggerating traditional feminine behavior. In peer and self-review research shows that femininity correlates with Histrionic, Dependent, and Narcissistic personality disorders. Although two-thirds of HPD diagnoses are female, there are some exceptions. Whether the rate will be much higher than the level of women in a particular clinical setting depends on many factors that are largely independent of the different sex prevalence for HPD. Those with HPD are more likely to look for some people for attention that leads to marital problems due to jealousy and lack of trust from others. This makes them more likely to divorce or separate after marriage. With several studies conducted to discover the direct cause of HPD and culture, cultural and social aspects play a role in inhibiting and demonstrating the behavior of HPD.
History
The history of histrion personality disorder comes from the word hysteria. Hysteria can be described as excessive or uncontrollable emotions that people, especially in groups, experience. Confidence about hysteria varies over time. It was not until Sigmund Freud studied the psychological histrionic personality disorder. "The roots of histrionic personality can be traced to cases of hysterical neurosis described by Freud." He developed the theory of psychoanalysis in the late 19th century and the result of its development led to the concept of a split of hysteria. One concept is labeled as hysterical neurosis (also known as conversion disorder) and other concepts labeled as hysterical characters (currently known as histrionic personality disorder). These two concepts should not be equated with each other, as they are two separate and distinct ideas.
Histrionic Personality Disorder is also known as hysterical personality. Hysterical personality has evolved in the last 400 years and first appeared in DSM II (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed.) Under the name of a hysterical personality disorder. The name we know today as a histrionic personality disorder is due to a name change in DSM III, 3rd ed. Renaming hysterical personality to histrionic personality disorder is believed to be due to negative connotations possible to the root of hysteria, such as intense sexual expression, demonic treasures, etc.
Histrionic Personality Disorder has undergone many changes. From hysteria, hysterical characters, to hysterical personality disorder, to what is listed as the most advanced DSM, DSM-5. "Hysteria is one of the oldest documented medical disorders." Hysteria originated from ancient Greek and Egyptian writings. Most of the writings related hysteria and women together, are similar to today where the epidemiology of histrionic personality disorder is generally more common in women and is also often diagnosed in women.
Ancient
- Ancient Egypt - the first description of mental disorder, hysteria, dates back to 1900 BC in Ancient Egypt. Biological problems, such as the movement of the uterus in a woman's body, are seen as a cause of hysteria. Traditional symptoms and hysteria descriptions can be found on Ebers Papyrus, the oldest medical document.
- Ancient Greece - Similar to ancient Egypt, the ancient Greeks saw hysteria associated with the uterus. Hippocrates (5th century BC) was the first to use the term hysteria. Hippocrates believed hysteria was a disease that lies in uterine movement (from the Greek ????? hystera "uterus"). Hippocrates's theory is that because her body is cold and wet compared with the warm, dry body of a man, the uterus is susceptible to illness, especially if deprived of sex. He sees sex as cleansing the body so that being emotional is due to sex deprivation.
- According to Parents Channel History Behaviorally Bad, Cleopatra and Nero have a histrionic personality disorder.
Medieval
- The Trotula - a group of three texts from the 12th century - addresses diseases and disorders of women as understood during this period, including hysteria. Trota of Salerno, a 12th-century Italian medical practitioner, is an authoritative figure behind one of Trotula's texts. (Authorized that it is the care and theory presented in the text). Some people believe that Trota's teachings resonate with the people of Hippocrates.
Renaissance
- The womb is still an explanation of hysteria, the concept of a woman lower than a man still exists, and hysteria is still a symbol for femininity.
Modern age
- Thomas Willis (17th century) introduced a new concept of hysteria. Thomas Willis believes that the cause of hysteria is not related to the female uterus, but to the brain and nervous system.
- Hysteria is a consequence of social conflict during the Salem wizard trials.
- Magic and magic were then considered absurd during the Enlightenment in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Hysteria begins to take shape in a more scientific, mainly neurologic way. New ideas are formed during this time and one of them is that if hysteria is connected to the brain, men can have it too, not just women. Franz Mesmer (18th century) treats patients who suffer from hysteria with a method called mesmerism, or animal magnetism. Jean-Martin Charcot (19th century) studied the effects of hypnosis in hysteria. Charcot states that hysteria is a neurological disorder and that it is actually very common in men.
Contemporary age
- Sigmund Freud's work with Josef Breuer, The Study of Hysteria , contributes to the psychoanalytic theory of hysteria. Freud believed that hysteria was caused by a lack of libidinal evolution.
Social implications
The Prevalence of Histrionic Personality Disorder in women is clear and urgent re-evaluation of culturally-built ideas around what is considered normal emotional behavior. The diagnostic approach classifies the behavior of the Histrionic Personality Disorder as "superfluous", considering it refers to a social understanding of normal emotionality.
See also
- Femme fatale
- Michael Alig, who was diagnosed with extreme HPD cases
References
External links
- A.D.A.M. Dewan Editorial (2013). "Histrionic personality disorder". A.D.A.M. Ensiklopedia Medis . PubMed.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments