The Great Lakes African State of Tanzania dates officially from 1964, when it was formed from the much larger territory of the Tanganyika mainland and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The first was the colony and part of East Africa Germany from 1880 to 1919, when, under the League of Nations, it became the British mandate. It served as a military post during World War II, providing financial aid, ammunition, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became the United Nations Trust Territory under British rule, a status guarded until its independence in 1961. Zanzibar was designated a center of commerce, which was then controlled by the Portuguese, the Sultanate of Oman, and later as a British protectorate by the end of the ninth century mercy.
Julius Nyerere, leader of independence and "baba wa taifa for Tanganyika" (father of the Tanganyika people), ruled the country for decades, assisted by Abeid Amaan Karume, the Father of the Nation Zanzibar. After Nyerere's retirement in 1985, various political and economic reforms began. He was succeeded by President Ali Hassan Mwinyi.
Video History of Tanzania
Prehistoric
Initial Stone Age
Tanzania is home to some of the oldest hominid settlements excavated by archaeologists. Prehistoric stone and fossil tools have been found in and around Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind". Acheulian stone tools were discovered there in 1931 by Louis Leakey, after he correctly identified rocks that Hans Reck brought back to Germany from Olduvai's expedition in 1913 as stone tools. That same year, Louis Leakey invented older and more primitive stone tools at Olduvai Gorge. This is the first example of the oldest human technology ever found in Africa, and was later known worldwide as Oldowan after Olduvai Gorge. The first hominid skull at Olduvai Gorge was invented by Mary Leakey in 1959, and was named Zinj or the Nutcracker Man, the first example of Paranthropus boisei , and is estimated to be over 1.8 million years old. Other findings include the fossil Homo habilis then created. In nearby Laetoli, the oldest known hominid footprint, the Laetoli footprint, was discovered by Mary Leakey in 1978, and is estimated to be about 3.6 million years old and possibly made by Australopithecus afarensis . The oldest hominid fossil ever found in Tanzania also comes from Laetoli and is a remnant of 3.6 to 3.8 million years of Australopithecus afarensis Louis Leakey has discovered what he thought was a baboon tooth in Laetoli in 1935 (not identified as afarensis until 1979), a fragment of a hominid jaw with three teeth was found there by Kohl-Larsen in 1938-1939, and in 1974-75 Mary Leakey restored 42 teeth and some jawbone from the site.
Middle Stone Age
The Mumba Caves in northern Tanzania include the Middle Stone Age (MSA) for the later Stone Age archaeological sequence (LSA). MSA represents a period of time in Africa where many archaeologists see the origin of modern human behavior.
Later Stone Age and Pastoral Neolithic
Reach back about 10,000 years in the Stone Age Later, Tanzania is believed to have been inhabited by a hunter-gatherer community, probably the people who speak Khoisan. Between about 4,000 to 3,000 years ago, during a period of time known as Pastoral Neolithic, shepherds relying on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys came to Tanzania from the north. Two archaeological cultures are known from this period, Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (whose people may have spoken the Southern Cushitic language) and Elmenteitan (whose people may have spoken the Southern Nilotic language). Luxmanda is the largest and most southern Neoliestical Neolithic site known in Tanzania.
Iron Age
About 2000 years ago, Bantu-speaking people began to arrive from West Africa in a series of migrations collectively referred to as Bantu's expansion. These groups bring and develop new ironworking, agriculture, and ideas skills from social and political organizations. They absorbed many of the Kushitic people who had preceded them, as well as most of the remaining Khoisan-speaking residents. Later, Nilotic herders arrived, and continued to immigrate to the area until the 18th century.
One of the most important Iron Age archeological sites in Tanzania is Engaruka in the Great Rift Valley, which includes irrigation and cultivation systems.
Maps History of Tanzania
Initial coastal history
Travelers and traders from the Persian Gulf and West India have visited the East African coast since the beginning of the first millennium CE. Greek texts such as Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Geography Ptolemy contain a series of market places (empires) along the coast. Findings of Roman coins along the coast confirm the existence of trade, and Geography Ptolomey refers to the city of Rhapta as the "big city" of a political entity called Azania. Archaeologists have not been able to identify the location of Rhapta, although many believe it lies deeply buried in the mud of the Rufiji River delta. A long documentary silence follows these ancient texts, and not until Arabic geographical treatises are written about the beaches that our information resumes.
The remnants of the material culture of these cities show that they arise from native roots, not from foreign settlements. And the language spoken in it, Swahili (now the national language of Tanzania), was a member of the Bantu language family that spread from the northern coast of Kenya long before a significant Arab presence was felt in the region. At the beginning of the second millennium M, Swahili cities made successful trade connecting Africans in the interior with trading partners throughout the Indian Ocean. From c. 1200 to 1500 CE, Kilwa city, on the southern coast of Tanzania, is probably the richest and most powerful city in these cities, leading what some scholars regarded as the "golden age" of Swahili civilization. At the beginning of the 14th century, Ibn Battuta, a Berber traveler from North Africa, visited Kilwa and proclaimed it as one of the best cities in the world. Islam was practiced on the Swahili coast at the beginning of the eighth or ninth century.
In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama became the first known European to reach the coast of the Great Lakes of Africa; he stayed for 32 days. In 1505, the Portuguese took the island of Zanzibar. The Portuguese control lasted until the early 18th century, when the Arabs of Oman built a foothold in the region. Assisted by Omani Arabs, indigenous coastal populations managed to push the Portuguese from the northern region of the Ruvuma River in the early 18th century. Claiming the beach strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. He focused on the island and developed a trading route that stretched as far as Lake Tanganyika and Central Africa. During this time, Zanzibar became the center of Arab slave trade. Because of the Arab and Persian domination of the time, many Europeans mistaken the nature of Swahili civilization as a product of Arab colonization. However, this misconception has begun to disappear over the last 40 years when the Swahili civilization became known as a person of African origin.
Tanganyika (1850 -1890)
Tanganyika as a geographical and political entity did not form before the period of High Imperialism; his name was only used after East Africa Germany was transferred to England as mandated by the League of Nations in 1920. What is called here, therefore, is the history of the region that will become Tanzania. Part of the Great Lakes area, Lake Victoria's west coast consists of many small kingdoms, mainly Karagwe and Buzinza, which are dominated by their stronger neighbors such as Rwanda, Burundi, and Buganda.
European interior exploration began in the mid-19th century. In 1848, German missionary Johannes Rebmann became the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro. The English explorer Richard Burton and John Speke crossed the hinterland to Lake Tanganyika in June 1857. In January 1866, Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone, who fought the slave trade, went to Zanzibar, from where he sought the source of the Nile, and established his final mission in Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. After losing contact with the outside world for many years, he was "discovered" there on November 10, 1871. Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent in a publicity stunt to find him by the New York Herald newspaper, greeted him with his now famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I suppose? " In 1877, the first of a series of Belgian expeditions arrived in Zanzibar. In the course of this expedition, in 1879 a station was established in Kigoma on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, soon to be followed by Mpala station across the west bank. Both stations were established on behalf of the Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, the organization of its predecessors from the Congo Free State. German colonial interests first advanced in 1884. Karl Peters, who formed the Society for Colonization of Germany, concluded a series of agreements in which the chiefs handed over territories to the public. The reign of Prince Otto von Bismarck in 1885 provided imperial protection to the German East African Company founded by Peters with Bismark encouragement.
At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the fact that Kigoma had been established and supplied from Zanzibar and Bagamoyo led to the entry of East German Germany into the conventional Congo Basin region, to Belgian advantage. At a table in Berlin, contrary to widespread perception, Africa is not partitioned; on the contrary, rules are established between colonial powers and prospective colonial powers as a means of continuing the formation of colonies and protectorates. While Belgium's interest was soon concentrated on the Congo River, Britain and Germany focused on East Africa and in 1886 the East African continent partitioned among themselves; The sultanate of Zanzibar, now reduced to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remains independent, for the time being. The Congo-Free Country has finally submitted its claim to Kigoma (the oldest station in Central Africa) and in every region east of Lake Tanganyika, to Germany.
German East Africa
All the resistance against the Germans in the hinterland ceased and they can now begin to organize the German East Africa. They continue to brutally use their authority by ignoring and insulting local structures and traditions. While the German colonial administration brought plants, trains, and roads to Tanganyika, the European government provoked the African resistance. Between 1891 and 1894, Hehe - led by the Mkwawa Chief - rejected the expansion of Germany, but was eventually defeated. After a period of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa was cornered and committed suicide in 1898.
Maji Maji Resistance
Widespread dissatisfaction reappears, and in 1902 a movement against forced labor for cotton schemes rejected by locals began along the Rufiji River. Tension reached a high point in July 1905 when Matumbi Nandete led by Kinjikitile Ngwale rebelled against local administrators (akida) and suddenly the uprising grew wider than Dar Es Salaam to the Uluguru Mountains, Kilombero Valley, Mahenge and Makonde Plateaux, Ruvuma in part southernmost and Kilwa, Songea, Masasi, and from Kilosa to Iringa to the east coast of Lake Nyasa. The Resistance culminated in Maji Maji Resistance 1905-1907. The resistance, which temporarily unites a number of southern tribes ended only after about 120,000 Africans died from fights or famine. Research has shown that traditional animosity plays a big part in resistance.
Germany occupied the area since 1897 and completely changed many aspects of everyday life. They are actively supported by missionaries who try to destroy all signs of indigenous belief, especially by raiding the 'mahoka' cottage where locals worship the spirits of their ancestors and mocking rituals, dances, and other ceremonies. It will not be forgotten or forgiven; The first battle that broke out at Uwereka in September 1905 under Gustav Adolf von GÃÆ'¶tzen Gustav Adolf directly turned into an all-out war with indiscriminate killing and massacre committed by all sides against peasants, settlers, missionaries, planters, villages, indigenous peoples and farmers. Known as the Maji-Maji war with the main burden borne by the Ngoni people, this is a merciless revolt and by far the most bloody in Tanganyika.
World War I
Before the outbreak of war, East Africa Germany was prepared to counter any kind of attacks that could be done without extensive preparation. For the first year of hostilities, Germany was strong enough to conduct offensive operations in their neighboring territories by, for example, repeatedly attacking trains in East Africa. The strength of the German forces at the start of the war was uncertain. Lieutenant General Jan Smuts, commander of British forces in east Africa beginning in 1916, estimated them 2,000 Germans and 16,000 Askaris. The population of white adult males in 1913 amounted to more than 3,500 (exclusively from German garrisons). In addition, the indigenous population of more than 7,000,000 formed a labor reservoir from which power could be withdrawn, limited only by the supply of German officers and equipment. "There is no reason to doubt that Germany made the best of this material for... almost eighteen months separating the war from the invasion that prevailed in their territory."
German East German geography is also a severe obstacle to British troops and allies. The coastline offers several points suitable for landing and supported by unhealthy swamps. The lake and mountain line to the west proved impenetrable. Belgian troops from the Belgian Congo must be moved through Uganda. In the south, the Ruvuma River can only reach the top. To the north, there is only one practical trajectory about five miles between the Pare Mountains and Mount Kilimanjaro, and here German forces have been digging for eighteen months.
Germany started hostilities in 1914 with no attack from the city of Tanga. The British then attacked the city in November 1914 but were thwarted by General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces at the Battle of Tanga. The Royal Navy occupied the Mafia Island in January 1915. However, "an attack on Tanga and many small engagements that follow [show] the power... of [German forces] and make it clear that a strong force must be organized before the conquest [East Germany Africa] can... be done.. Such a company must... to await a more favorable condition on the battlefield of Europe and elsewhere, but in July 1915, the last German troops in SW Africa surrendered... and the core of that power needed... to become available. "The British forces from the northeast and southwest and Belgian forces from the northwest continued to attack and defeat the German forces beginning in January 1916. In October 1916, General Smuts wrote," With the exception of the Mahenge Plateau [Germany] have lost any healthy or precious part of their colony ".
Cut-off from Germany, General Von Lettow by the need to conduct a guerrilla campaign throughout 1917, living off the ground and scattered over a large area. In December, the remaining German troops evacuated the colony by crossing the Ruvuma River into Portuguese Mozambique. The troops estimated an estimated 320 German soldiers and 2,500 Askaris. 1,618 Germans and 5,482 Askaris were killed or captured during the last six months of 1917. In November 1918, the remaining troops surrendered near today's Mbala, Zambia which consists of 155 Europeans, 1,165 Askaris, 2,294 African coolies etc., and 819 African women.
Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany abandoned all of its property abroad, including East Africa Germany. Britain lost 3,443 men in combat plus 6,558 men due to illness. The equivalent figure for Belgium is 683 and 1,300. Germany lost 734 Europeans and 1,798 Africans.
Von Lettow's charred earth policy and building demand meant the collapse of the Government's education system, although some mission schools managed to maintain the resemblance of instruction. Unlike the Belgian, English, French and Portuguese colonial powers in Central Africa, Germany has developed an educational program for Africans involving elementary, secondary and vocational schools. "The qualifications of instructors, curriculum, textbooks, teaching materials, are all of a standard unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa." In 1924, ten years after the start of the First World War and six years into British rule, the American Commission of Phelps-Stokes visited the report: In the case of schools, Germany has achieved miracles. Some time must pass before education reaches the standards that have been achieved under Germany. But in 1920, the Ministry of Education consisted of 1 officer and 2 employees with a budget of 1% of the state revenue - less than the amount allocated for the maintenance of Government Buildings.
British Government after World War I
In 1919, the population was estimated at 3,500,000.
The first British civilian administrator after the end of World War I was Sir Horace Archer Byatt CMG, appointed by the Royal Commission on 31 January 1919. The colony was renamed Tanganyika Territory in January 1920. In September 1920 by Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, the territorial borders, the Executive Board, and the governor's and commander's offices are established. The governor was endorsed by the proclamation or ordinance until 1926.
Britain and Belgium signed an agreement on the border between Tanganyika and Ruanda-Urundi in 1924.
The Regional Administration shall continue to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trust System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trust Agreement of 13 December 1946.
Governor Byatt took steps to revive African institutions by encouraging limited local government. He authorized the formation in 1922 from political clubs such as the Tanganyika Territorial Civil Service Association, which in 1929 became the Tanganyika African Association and later became the core of the nationalist movement. Under the Original Authority Act of 1923, limited powers were granted to certain recognized heads who could also exercise the powers granted by local customary law.
Sir Donald Cameron became governor of Tanganyika in 1925. "His work... is crucial in the development of colonial administrative policy, which is attributed primarily to a strong effort to establish the 'Indirect Rules' system through traditional adat authority." He is a major critic of the policy Governor Byatt on indirect rule, as evidenced by Nà © mà © nà © re Administration Notes. 1, Principles of Native Administration and its Applications .
In 1926, the Legislative Council was established with seven unofficial people (including two Indians) and thirteen official members, whose function was to advise and approve the ordinances issued by the governor. In 1945, the first Africans were appointed to the council. The Council was re-established in 1948 under Governor Edward Twining, with 15 unofficial members (7 Europeans, 4 Africans and 4 Indians) and 14 official members. Julius Nyerere became an unofficial member in 1954. The council was re-established in 1955 with 44 unofficial members (10 Europeans, 10 Africans, 10 Indians and 14 government representatives) and 17 official members.
Governor Cameron in 1929 passed the Law No. 5, which abolished those courts from the jurisdiction of the colonial court and provided an appeals system with a last resort to the governor himself.
Railway Development
In 1928, the Tabora railway to Mwanza was opened to traffic. The line from Moshi to Arusha opened in 1930.
census 1931
In 1931 a census established the Tanganyika population at 5,022,640 natives, in addition to 32,398 Asians and 8,228 Europeans.
Health and education initiatives
Under British rule, efforts were made to combat Tsetse flies (carriers of sleeping sickness), and to fight malaria and bilharziasis; more hospitals built.
In 1926, the colonial government subsidized schools run by missionaries, and at the same time established its authority to exercise oversight and set guidelines. But in 1935, the education budget for the whole country of Tanganyika only reached US $ 290,000, although it is not clear how many are represented at this point in terms of purchasing power parity.
Tanganyika grain scheme
The British government decided to develop a growing grain to help feed the war-ravaged England and be cruelly snatched and finally Europe with an expected Allied victory at the end of the Second World War. An American farmer in Tanganyika, Freddie Smith, is responsible, and David Gordon Hines is the accountant responsible for finance. This scheme has 50,000 acres (202Ã, km 2 ) on the Ardai plains outside Arusha; 25,000 acres (101Ã, km 2 ) on Mount Kilimanjaro; and 25,000 acres (101Ã, km 2 ) to Ngorongoro to the west. All the machines were loaned from the US, including 30 tractors, 30 plows, and 30 rakes. There are western agricultural and engineering managers. Most of the workers are Italian prisoners of war from Somalia and Ethiopia: excellent engineers and mechanics. The Ardai Plains is too dry for success, but there are good crops in the Kilimanjaro and Ngorongoro areas.
World War II
Two days after Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the British Empire declared war and British troops in Tanganyika were ordered to apprentice German men living in Tanganyika. The British government feared that the Poros would try to help the Axis and some Germans living in Dar es Salam attempted to flee the country but were stopped and then interned by Roald Dahl and a small army of Troops from King's African Rifles.
During the war about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the Allied forces. and was part of the 375,000 British colonial troops who fought against the Axis troops. Tanganyikans fought in the King's African Rifle unit and fought in the East African Campaign in Somalia and Abyssinia against the Italians, in Madagascar against Vichy France during the Madagascar Campaign, and in Burma against Japan during the Burmese Campaign. Tanganyika became an important food source and Tanganyika's export revenues greatly increased from the years before the Great Depression war but despite the additional revenue of the war caused inflation in the country.
Transition to independence
In 1947, Tanganyika became the trust territory of the United Nations under British control. "This geography, topography, climate, geopolitics, settlement patterns and history make Tanganyika the most significant of all the United Nations Trust Areas." But two-thirds of the population lives in one-tenth of the region due to lack of water, soil erosion, unreliable rainfall, Tsetse fly infestation, and poor communications and transport infrastructure.
In 1957, only 15 cities had more than 5,000 inhabitants, with the capital Dar es Salaam having the country's highest population of 128,742. Tanganyika is a multi-racial area, which makes it unique in the world of guardianship. The total population of non-Africans in 1957 was 123,310 divided as follows: 95,636 Asians and Arabs (divided into 65,461 Indians, 6,299 Pakistanis, 4,776 Goans, and 19,100 Arabs), 3,114 Somalis, and 3,782 were "colored" and "other". The white population, which includes Europeans (British, Italians, Greeks, and Germans) and white South Africans, numbered 20,598 people. Ethics and economics of Tanganyika make trouble for England. Their policy is directed to ensure the sustainability of the necessary European presence to support the country's economy. But Britain must also remain responsive to African political demands.
Many Africans are important government employees, business employees, laborers, and commercial crop producers during this period. But most are subsistence farmers who produce barely enough to survive. The standard of housing, clothing, and other social conditions "are equally very poor." Asians and Arabs are middle class and tend to be wholesalers and retailers. White populations are missionaries, professional servants and governments, and owners and managers of agriculture, plantations, mining, and other businesses. "White farming is very important as a producer of agricultural crops that can be exported."
England, through its colonial officer David Gordon Hines, encouraged the development of agricultural cooperatives to help turn subsistence farmers into farms. Subsistence farmers sell their products to Indian traders at a bad price. In the early 1950s, there were more than 400 cooperatives nationwide. Cooperatives form a "union" for their area and develop cotton factories, coffee mills, and tobacco dryers. Tanzania's main success is Moshi's coffee auctions that attract international buyers after the annual auction in Nairobi.
The disastrous Tanganyika peanut scheme began in 1946 and was abandoned in 1951.
After Tanganyika became a UN trust territory, the British felt extra pressure for political progress. The British "gradualism" principle was increasingly threatened and abandoned completely during the last few years prior to independence. Five UN missions visited Tanganyika, the United Nations received several hundred written petitions, and several oral presentations took him to the debate room in New York City between 1948 and 1960. The UN and Africa that used the UN to achieve their goals were very influential in moving Tanganyika towards independence. Africans attend public meetings in Tanganyika with UN representatives. There are farmers, urban workers, government officials, and local tribal chiefs and nobles who personally approached the United Nations on local issues requiring immediate action. And finally, there are Africans who are at the core of the political process that has the power to shape the future. Their goal is political progress for Africans, with many supporters of the nationalist movement, rooted in the African Association (AA). It was formed in 1929 as a social organization for African government employees in Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. The AA was renamed the Tanganyika African Association (TAA) in 1948 and stopped worrying about the events in Zanzibar.
Beginning in 1954, African nationalism centered on the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), which was a political organization formed by Julius Nyerere that year as the successor of TAA. TANU won the Legislative Council elections in 1958, 1959, and 1960, with Nyerere becoming chief minister after the 1960 election. The internal self-government began on 1 May 1961 followed by independence on 9 December 1961.
Zanzibar
Zanzibar today refers to the island, which is also known as Unguja, and the neighboring island of Pemba. Both islands fell under Portuguese dominance in the 16th and early 16th centuries but were recaptured by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, established the ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's labor. Zanzibar and Pemba are world renowned for trading their spices and known as the Spice Islands; at the beginning of the 20th century, they produced about 90% of the world's clove supply. Zanzibar is also a major transit point in Great Lakes Africa and the slave trade of the Indian Ocean (see Arab slave trade). Zanzibar drew ships from as far as the United States, which established the consulate in 1833. United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by trade and a determination to end the slave trade. In 1822, Britain signed the first of a series of agreements with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves eventually banned. The 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Agreement made Zanzibar and Pemba protektorat England, and the Caprivi Path in Namibia became the protectorate of Germany. The British government through the Sultan remained unchanged from the late 19th century until 1957, when elections were held for the legislative council with much advice.
Independence and Unity of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
In 1954, Julius Nyerere, a schoolteacher who was later one of two Tanganyikans educated to the university level, organized a political party - Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). On December 9, 1961, Tanganyika became independent, despite maintaining the British king as Queen Tanganyika, and Nyerere being Prime Minister, under the new constitution. On December 9, 1962, a republic constitution was implemented with Julius Kambarage Nyerere as first president of Tanganyika.
Zanzibar received his independence from the British Empire on December 10, 1963, as a constitutional monarchy under his Sultan. On January 12, 1964, the majority of Africans revolted against the sultan and the new government was formed with ASP leader Abeid Karume, as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. In the first few days of what came to be known as the Zanzibar Revolution, between 5,000 and 15,000 Arabs and Indians were killed. During a series of unrest, radical followers John Okello performed thousands of rape and destroyed homes and other properties. Within a few weeks, a fifth of the population had either died or fled.
It was at this time that the Tanganyika army rebelled and the British were urged by Julius Nyerere to send troops. Royal Marines Command was airlifted from England via Nairobi and 40 Command came ashore from HMS Bulwark aircraft carrier. Several months were spent with the Commando traveling around the country disarming the military outposts. When the successful operation ended, the Royal Marines went to be replaced by Canadian troops.
On April 26, 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October of that year. The Tanzanian name is a mixture of Tanganyika and Zanzibar and previously had no meaning. Under the terms of this unity, the Zanzibar Government retained considerable local autonomy.
Recent history
To form a single ruling party in both parts of the union, Julius Nyerere combines TANU with the ruling party of Zanzibar, Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) from Zanzibar to form the CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), on 5 February. , 1977. This merger is reinforced by the principles stated in the 1982 union constitution and reaffirmed in the 1984 constitution.
Nyerere believes many political parties, in a country with hundreds of ethnic groups, pose a threat to national unity and therefore seek ways to ensure a one-party system. In a postcolonial and unstable social environment, Nyerere 'is well-informed about the ethnic division of chauvinism moving to remove tribalism from national politics' (Locatelli & Nugent, 2009: 252). To advance its goal for national unity, Nyerere established Kiswahili as the national language.
Nyerere introduced African socialism, or Ujamaa , the literal meaning of 'family-veil'. The Nyerere Government has made Ujamaa a philosophy that will guide the national development of Tanzania; 'The government deliberately did not emphasize urban areas to deconcentrate and rationalize industrial growth (Darkoh, 1994). Tanzania's main urban area, Dar es Salaam, for decades has long been the main victim of this emphasis, largely because it 'remains for Nyerere as a reminder of the colonial legacy (Myers, 2011: 44). I
The scope of the country is growing rapidly to almost every sector. In 1967, nationalization transformed the government into the largest company in the country. It's involved in everything from retail to import-export and even burning trade. This creates a mature environment for corruption. Impossible bureaucratic procedures multiply and excessive tax rates set by officials are more damaging to the economy. Large amounts of public funds are misused and used unproductively. Purchasing power is declining at an unprecedented rate and even important commodities become unavailable. A licensing system (vibali) allows officials to collect bribes in exchange for vibali. A foundation for systemic corruption has been laid. Officials became widely known as Wabenzi ("the men of Benz"). By mid-1979, corruption had reached epidemic proportions when the economy collapsed.
Tanzania Nyerere has a close relationship with the People's Republic of China, the UK and Germany. In 1979 Tanzania declared war on the war of detection regimes in Uganda after Soviet-backed Uganda invaded and tried to annex Kagera province in northern Tanzania. Tanzania not only ousted Ugandan troops, but, registering the country's population in exile Uganda, also attacked Uganda itself. On April 11, 1979, Idi Amin was forced out of the capital, Kampala, ending the Uganda-Tanzanian War. The Tanzanian army takes the city with the help of Ugandan and Rwandan guerrillas. Amin escaped into exile.
In October 1985, Nyerere handed over power to Ali Hassan Mwinyi, but retained control of the ruling party, Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), as Chairman until 1990, when he handed the responsibility to Mwinyi.
In 1990, a coalition of ethnic and cultural groups of Zanzibar demanded a referendum on independence. They claim that the merger with mainland Tanzania, based on the now dead ideology of socialism, has transformed Zanzibar from a bustling economic power to a poor, neglected appendage. Their demands are ignored.
However, the ruling party comfortably won the election amid widespread irregularities and its candidate Benjamin William Mkapa was later sworn in as Tanzania's new president in a multi-party election in the country on November 23, 1995. Competing elections in late 2000 led to the massacre. in Zanzibar in January 2001, with the government firing on a crowd of demonstrators, killing 35 people and injuring 600. In December 2005, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete was elected the fourth president for a five-year term.
One of the deadly 1998 US embassy bombings took place in Dar Es Salaam; the other is in Nairobi, Kenya. In 2004, an undersea earthquake on the other side of the Indian Ocean caused a tsunami along the Tanzania coastline where 11 people were killed. Oil tankers also briefly foundered at the port of Dar Es Salaam, damaging the oil pipeline.
In 2008, a wave of electricity cut off electricity to Zanzibar, resulting in a 2008 Zanzibar power outage.
See also
- African History
- The history of Zanzibar
- HIV/AIDS in Tanzania
- List of colonial head of Tanganyika
- List of Governors General of Tanganyika
- List of human evolutionary fossils
- List of Presidents of Tanganyika
- List of Tanzanian Presidents
- List of Presidents of Zanzibar
- List of Prime Minister of Tanganyika
- List of Prime Ministers of Tanzania
- List of Prime Minister Zanzibar
- List of Sultans of Zanzibar
- Politics of Tanzania
- Tanganyika
- Tanzania history timeline
- The history of cities in Tanzania:
- The history and timeline of Dar es Salaam
- The history and timeline of Zanzibar City
References
Further reading
- Gibbons, Ann (2007). First Man: The Race to Find our Largest Patriarch . Book Anchors. ISBN: 978-1-4000-7696-3.
- Hyden, Goran (1980). Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdeveloped Backwardness and Peasantry . Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Iliffe, John (1971). Agricultural Change in Modern Tanganyika (Historic Association of Tanzania Paper no. 10. (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971), 47 p.
- Kjekshus, Helge (1996). Ecological Control and Economic Development in the History of East Africa . London: James Currey.
- Koponen, Juhani (1988). People and Production in Tanzania Final Pre-colonial: History and Structure . Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of International Studies.
- Koponen, Juhani (1994). Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policy in Mainland Tanzania, 1884-1914 .
- Paice, Edward (2007). Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa . London: Orion Publishing.
- Waters, Tony (2007). Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: Life Below Market Level . Lanham: The Lexington Book.
External links
- Background Note: Tanzania
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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