Dependent personality disorder

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Dependent personality disorder ( DPD ), formerly known as asthenic personality disorder , is a personality disorder characterized by extensive psychological dependence on others. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a small part reaching a normal level of independence. Dependent personality disorder is a Cluster C personality disorder, characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. It begins in early adulthood, and comes in many contexts and is associated with inadequate function.

Video Dependent personality disorder

Four components of Dependent personality disorder

Cognitive

Individuals view themselves as helpless and ineffective and see others as stronger and stronger.

Motivation

Individuals have a desire to acquire and maintain relationships with their caregivers.

Behavior

Individuals exhibit patterns of behavior that reduce the possibility of abandonment and rejection when trying to strengthen interpersonal relationships.

Emotional

Individuals have a fear of being left behind, fear of rejection, and anxiety when evaluated by authority figures.

Maps Dependent personality disorder

History

Psychoanalytic Theory

The conceptualization of dependence, in classical psychoanalytic theory, is directly related to Freud's psychosexual developmental stages. Frustration or over-gratification is said to result in oral fixation and in the type of oral character, characterized by feelings dependent on others for parenting and by behavior that represents the oral stage. Then psychoanalytic theory, shifting the focus from a movers-based dependency approach to recognizing the importance of early relationships and building a separation from these early caregivers, where the exchange between caregivers and children becomes internalized, and this interaction becomes part of self-concept and others.

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Symptoms/Characteristics

People with Dependent personality disorder are too dependent on others when they have to make decisions. They can not make their own decisions because they need constant approval from others. As a result, people diagnosed with DPD tend to place the needs and opinions of others on their own because they do not have the confidence to trust their decision. This kind of behavior can explain why people with DPD tend to exhibit passive and inherent behavior. These people show fear of separation and can not stand alone. When alone they feel the feeling of being isolated and lonely because of their extraordinary dependence from others. Generally people with DPD are also pessimistic: they expect the worst situation or believe that the worst will happen. They tend to be more introverted and more sensitive to the rejection of criticism and fear.

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Risk factors

People with abandoned history and rough education are more vulnerable to developing DPD, especially those involved in long-term coarse relationships. Those with overprotective or authoritarian parents are also more at risk of developing DPD. Having a family history of anxiety disorder may play a role in DPD development as a twin study of 2004 finds a heritability of 0.81 for DPD.

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Cause

The exact cause of personality disorder depends unknown. A study in 2012 estimates that between 55% and 72% of the risk conditions are inherited from one's parents. The difference between "dependent personality" and "dependent personality disorder" is somewhat subjective, which makes the diagnosis sensitive to cultural influences such as gender role expectations.

Dependent characteristics in children tend to increase with behavior and parenting behavior characterized by overprotectiveness and authoritarianism. Thus the likelihood of developing a personality disorder depends on increasing, since the characteristics of these parents can limit them from developing a sense of autonomy, rather than teaching them that others are strong and competent.

Trauma or bad experiences early in one's life, such as neglect and harassment or serious illness, can increase the likelihood of developing a personality disorder, including dependent personality disorder, later in life. This is especially true for people who also experience high interpersonal stress and poor social support.

There is a higher frequency of disruptions seen in women than men, where expectations related to gender roles can contribute to a better understanding of why this occurs.

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Diagnosis

Doctors and clinical researchers conceptualize personality disorder depending on the four related components:

• Cognitive. A perception of oneself as powerless and ineffective, coupled with the belief that others are relatively strong and strong.
• Motivation. The desire to acquire and maintain relationships with protectors and carers.
• Behavior. A behavioral pattern that facilitates relationships designed to strengthen interpersonal relationships and minimize the possibility of being abandoned and rejected.
• Emotional. Fear of abandonment, fear of rejection, and anxiety about evaluation by authority figures.

American Psychiatric Association

DSM-IV-TR contains a diagnosis of Dependent Personality Disorder. This refers to a widespread and excessive need to be guarded that leads to inherent and inherent behavior and fears of separation. It begins in early adulthood and can be present in various contexts.

DSM

The diagnosis of personality disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , including dependent personality disorders, has been found to be problematic for reasons such as excessive diagnostic comorbidities, inadequate coverage, arbitrary boundaries and function normal psychological, and heterogeneity among individuals in the same categorical diagnosis.

In DSM-5, there is one criterion through which there are eight features of dependent personality disorder. This disorder is indicated by at least five of the following factors:

1. Difficulty making day-to-day decisions without much advice and assurance from others.
2. Need others to assume responsibility for most areas of their lives.
3. Have difficulty expressing disagreement with others for fear of losing support or approval.
4. Having difficulty starting a project or doing something on its own (due to lack of confidence in judgment or ability rather than lack of motivation or energy).
5. Excessive exaggeration to get parenting and support from others, until volunteers to do unpleasant things.
6. Feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of excessive fear of not being able to take care of yourself.
7. Immediately seek other relationships as a source of care and support when the close relationship ends.
8. Unrealistically filled with fear left behind to take care of oneself.

World Health Organization

ICD-10 from the World Health Organization lists dependent personality disorders as F60.7 Dependent personality disorder :

It is characterized by at least 4 of the following:

1. Encourage or allow others to make the most of an important person's life decisions;
2. Redirecting a person's need to someone else's responsibility, and undue compliance with his wishes;
3. Indifference to make reasonable demands on the person dependent on it;
4. Feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone, due to excessive fear of inability to care for oneself;
5. The busyness with fear is abandoned by someone who has a close relationship with someone, and is left to care for oneself;
6. Limited capacity to make day-to-day decisions without much advice and assurance from others.

Related features may include thinking of yourself as powerless, incompetent, and lacking in stamina.

Including:

• Asthenic, inadequate, passive, and self-defeating personality

It is an ICD-10 requirement that the diagnosis of a particular personality disorder also meets a set of common personality disorder criteria.

SWAP-200

SWAP-200 is a proposed diagnostic tool with the aim of overcoming limitations, such as limited external validity for diagnostic criteria for dependent personality disorder, into DSM. It serves as a possible alternative nosocial system that arises from attempts to create empirical approaches based on personality disorder - while also maintaining the complexity of clinical reality. Dependent personality disorder is considered a clinical prototype in the context of SWAP-200. Instead of discrete symptoms, it provides a characteristic criteria of composite description - such as personality trends.

Based on the Q-Sort method and prototype matching, SWAP-200 is a personality assessment procedure that relies on external observer ratings. It provides:

• Personality diagnosis is expressed as a matching with ten prototypical descriptions of DSM-IV personality disorder.
• Personality diagnosis based on patient fit with 11 Q-personality factors derived empirically.
• a healthy and adaptive function dimension profile.

The characteristics that determine personality disorders depending on SWAP-200 are:

1. They tend to stick quickly and/or intensely, develop feelings and expectations that are not guaranteed by the history or context of the relationship.
2. Because they tend to be patient and obedient, people with DPD tend to be in a relationship where they are emotionally or physically abused.
3. They tend to feel shy, inadequate, and depressed.
4. They also feel helpless and tend to be easily influenced.
5. They often worry and tend to feel guilty.
6. These people have difficulty in recognizing and expressing anger and struggle for their own needs and goals.
7. Not being able to calm or console themselves when depressed, they need the involvement of others to help manage their emotions.

Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual

The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) approach to personality disorder depends in the descriptive sense, rather than prescriptive and has received empirical support. The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual includes two different types of dependent personality disorder:

1. Passive-aggressive
2. Counter-dependent

PDM-2 adopts and implements a prototypic approach, using empirical measures such as SWAP-200. It is influenced by a basic developmental and empirical perspective, as proposed by Sidney Blatt. This model has a special interest when focusing on dependent personality disorder, claiming that psychopathology comes from the distortion of the two main coordinates of psychological development:

1. Anaclitic/introjective dimensions.
2. Dimensions of association/self definition.

An anaclitic personality organization in individuals shows difficulties in interpersonal relationships, indicating the following behaviors:

• Busyness in relationship, show
• Fear left out and rejected,
• Look for closeness and intimacy,
• Have difficulty managing interpersonal boundaries.
• Tend to have a fun style of attachment-fun.

Introjection personality style is associated with problems in self-definition.

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Treatment

People who have DPD are generally treated with psychotherapy. The main purpose of this therapy is to make individuals more independent and help them establish healthy relationships with those around them. This is done by increasing their self-esteem and confidence.

Drugs can be used to treat patients suffering from depression or anxiety due to their DPD, but this does not cure the core problems caused by DPD. Individuals who take this prescription drug should be carefully monitored because they are susceptible to addiction and substance abuse.

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Epidemiology

Based on a recent survey of 43,093 Americans, 0.49% of adults met the diagnostic criteria for DPD (National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Grant et al., 2004).The properties associated with DPD, such as personality disorders, in childhood or early adulthood The findings of the NESArC study found that children aged 18-29 had a greater opportunity to develop DPD.D DPD was more common among women than men because 0.6% of women had DPD compared with 0, 4% of men.

The properties associated with DPD, like most personality disorders, appear in childhood or early adulthood. Findings from the NESArC study found that children aged 18-29 had a greater chance of developing DPD. DPD is more common in women than men because 0.6% of women have DPD compared with 0.4% of men.

The twin studies of 2004 showed heredity of 0.81 to develop a dependent personality disorder. Because of this, there is significant evidence that this disorder runs in the family.

Children and adolescents with a history of anxiety disorders and physical illness are more prone to get this disorder.

Millon subtype

Psychologist Theodore Millon identifies five adult subtypes of dependent personality disorder. Any dependent individual can show none or one of the following:

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Differential diagnosis

Borderline Personality Disorder

There are similarities between individuals with dependent personality disorder and individuals with impaired personality disorder, as they both fear being abandoned. Those with a dependent personality disorder do not exhibit impulsive behavior, unstable influence, and poor self-image experienced by those with a threshold personality disorder, which distinguishes both disorders. The following conditions generally co-exist (comorbid) with personality disorders depend:

• mood disorder
• anxiety disorder
• adjustment disorder
• borderline personality disorder
• avoidance personality disorder
• histrionic personality disorder

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See also

• Codependency
• Suggestions

Source of the article : Wikipedia