The Japanese aging is considered to exceed all other countries, with Japan being recognized as having the highest proportion of elderly people. Not only in the countryside, but also in urban areas, Japan experienced a "super-aging" society. By 2014 estimates, 33.0% of Japanese population is over 60 years old, 25.9% are 65 years and over, 12.5% ​​are over 75 years old. People aged 65 and older in Japan account for one-fourth of the total population, estimated at one-third by 2050.
Japan experienced a post-war infant boom between 1947 and 1949. The 1948 law led to easy access to abortion, followed by prolonged periods of prolonged fertility, resulting in an aging population in Japan. The dramatic aging of Japanese society as a result of substitute fertility rates and high life expectancy is expected to continue. Japan's population began to decline in 2011.
Japanese people view Japan as comfortable and modern, so as not to cause a population crisis. The Japanese government has responded to concerns about the pressure that demographic changes occur on economic and social services with policies aimed at restoring fertility rates and making the elderly more active in the community.
Video Aging of Japan
Dinamika penuaan
The number of Japanese people aged 65 years or more has almost quadrupled in the last forty years, to 33 million by 2014, accounting for 26% of the Japanese population. In the same period, the number of children (aged 14 and under) declined from 24.3% of the population in 1975 to 12.8% in 2014. The number of elderly people exceeded the number of children in 1997, and the sales of adult diapers went beyond diapers for infants in 2014. The change in the demographic arrangement of Japanese society, called the aging population ( k? reikashakai , < span lang = "ja" title = "Japanese text"> ????? ), has occurred in a shorter time span than in other countries.
According to the projected population with current fertility rates, more than 65 will reach 40% of the population by 2060, and the population will fall by a third from 128 million in 2010 to 87 million by 2060. Economists at Tohoku University are founded countdown to the national extinction, which predicts that Japan will only have one child remaining in 4205. This prediction prompted a pledge by Prime Minister Shinz? Abe to stop the population decline by 100 million.
Maps Aging of Japan
Cause
The aging of the Japanese population is the result of one of the lowest fertility rates in the world combined with the highest life expectancy.
High life expectancy
The reason for the growth of Japan's elderly population is due to high life expectancy. Japan's life expectancy in 2016 is 85 years. Life expectancy is 81.7 for men and 88.5 for women. Because the overall population of Japan is shrinking due to low fertility rates, the aging population is increasing rapidly.
Factors such as increased nutrition, sophisticated medical and pharmacological technologies reduce the prevalence of disease, improve living conditions. Also peace and prosperity post-World War II contributed to economic growth, leading to long life. The proportion of healthcare spending has increased dramatically as older Japanese residents spend time in hospitals and visit doctors. 2.9% of people aged 75-79 were in the hospital and 13.4% visited a doctor on a certain day in 2011.
Life expectancy at birth has risen rapidly from the end of World War II, when the average is 54 years for women and 50 for men, as a result of improvements in medicines and nutrients, and the percentage of people aged 65 years and older has increased continues from the 1950s. Progress of life expectancy was translated into depressed mortality rates until the 1980s, but the mortality rate has increased again to 10.1 per 1,000 people by 2013, the highest since 1950.
Low fertility rate
Japan's total fertility rate (the number of children born to every woman in its lifetime) has been below the replacement threshold of 2.1 since 1974 and reached the lowest in history of 1.26 in 2005. Experts believe that the signs of recovery slightly reflect the end of the "effect tempo," as fertility rates accommodate major changes in time and number of children, rather than positive changes. In 2016, TFR is 1.41 born/female children.
Various economic and cultural factors contribute to the decline of labor during the late twentieth century: later and less marriage, higher education, urbanization, an increase in core family households (rather than extended families), poor work-life balance, increased participation of women in the labor force , reduced wages and lifetime employment along with high gender density gaps, small living spaces, and the high cost of raising children.
Many young people face economic vulnerabilities due to lack of regular work. About 40% of Japanese workforce is non-regular, including temporary and part-time workers. Non-regular employees earn about 53 percent less than the usual on a comparable monthly basis, according to the Ministry of Labor. Young men in this group tend not to consider marriage or marriage.
Although most married couples have two or more children, more and more young people are delaying or completely refusing marriage and parents. The role of conservative gender often means that women are expected to stay home with children, rather than work. Between 1980 and 2010, the percentage of the unmarried population increased from 22% to almost 30%, even as the population continues to grow, and by 2035 one in four will not get married during their fertile years. Japanese sociologist Masahiro Yamada coined the term single parasite ( ????????? , parasaito shinguru ) for unmarried adults in their late 20s and 30s who continue to live with their parents.
Effects
Demographic trends change relationships within and across generations, creating new governmental responsibilities and changing many aspects of Japanese social life. The aging and deterioration of the working age population has fueled concerns about the future of state labor, the potential for economic growth, and solvency of national pensions and health services.
Social
Smaller populations can make the denser metropolitan areas of the country more livable, and the stagnation of economic output may still be favorable to a shrinking workforce. However, low birth rates and high life expectancy have also reversed the standard population pyramid, forcing a narrow youth base to provide and care for older groups even as they try to form their own families. By 2014, the age-dependent ratio (the ratio of people over 65 for those aged 15-65, showing the ratio of the elderly population depending on working age) is 40%, which means two age dependents for every five workers. This is expected to increase to 60% by 2036 and almost 80% by 2060.
Japanese parents have traditionally praised themselves for caring for their adult children, and government policy is still encouraging the creation of sansedai kazoku ( ????? , "three generations of households") , in which married couples take care of children and the elderly. By 2015, 177,600 people aged between 15 and 29 years are treated directly for older family members. However, the migration of young people to big cities of Japan, the entrance of women into the workforce, and the rising cost of care for young and old dependents have required new solutions, including nursing homes, adult daycare centers, and home health programs. Each year Japan closes 400 primary and secondary schools, turning some of them into care centers for the elderly.
There are special nursing homes in Japan that offer services and assistance to over 30 residents. In 2008, it was noted that there were about 6,000 special nursing homes available that compensated 420,000 Japanese parents. With many nursing homes in Japan, demand for caregivers is higher. In Japan, family caregivers are preferred as primary caregivers, as this is a better support system if parents are related to caregivers. Therefore, it is possible that the Japanese elderly can do ADL with little help and live longer if the caregiver is a family caregiver.
Many elderly people live alone and isolated, and each year thousands of people die unnoticed for days or even weeks, in a modern phenomenon known as kodoku-shi ( ??? , "solitary death") .
Disposable income in the older population in Japan has made them spend money on new products for better looks and looks.
Politics
The Greater Tokyo area is the only region in Japan that sees population growth, largely due to internal migration from other parts of the country. Between 2005 and 2010, 36 of Japan's 47 prefectures shrank by 5%, and many rural and suburban areas are struggling with an abandoned home epidemic (8 million across Japan). Masuda Hiroya, a former Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications who heads the private think tank of Japan, estimates that about half the municipalities in Japan can disappear between now and 2040 when young people, especially young women, move from rural areas to Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, in which about half of Japan's population is already concentrated. The government is forming a regional revitalization task force and focuses on the development of regional hub cities, especially Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka.
Internal migration and population decline have created a severe regional imbalance in electoral power, where the weight of one vote depends on the polling station. Some unpopulated districts send three times more representation per voter to the National Diet as their growing urban counterpart. In 2014, the Supreme Court of Japan declared differences in voting rights violating the Constitution, but the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, which relies on rural and elder voters, has been slow to make the necessary rearrangements.
An increase in the proportion of parents has a major impact on government spending and policy. Recently in the early 1970s, the cost of public pensions, health care, and welfare services for the elderly was only about 6% of Japan's national income. In 1992 the share of the national budget was 18%, and it is expected that by 2025 28% of national income will be used for social welfare. As the incidence of chronic diseases increases with age, health care and pension systems are expected to experience severe stress. In the mid-1980s the government began to reevaluate the relative burden of government and the private sector in health care and pensions, and it established policies to control government costs in these programs.
A large part of the inflation of parents reject voters may also hamper political appeal of pursuing higher inflation consistent with evidence that aging can lead to lower inflation. With the increasing of the older population and the declining young population, 38% percent of the population will be people aged 65 and older by 2065. This concludes that Japan has the highest public debt in the world due to low fertility rates and aging population. The Japanese government has spent almost half of its tax revenues trying to recover from their debts. According to the IMF, Japan has 246.14 percent of GDP debt so it becomes the highest public debt.
Economy
Since the 1980s, there has been an increase in older workers and the shortage of young workers in the Japanese labor force, from labor practices to benefits for women's participation. The US Census Bureau estimates in 2002 that Japan will experience an 18% decrease in youth employment in its workforce and an 8% decline in its consumer population by 2030. The Japanese labor market is under pressure to meet employee demand, with 125 jobs for every 100 job seekers by the end of 2015, as older generation retire and younger generations become smaller in number.
Japan made a radical change in how its health care system was regulated by introducing long-term care insurance in 2000. However, the proportion of the old Japanese will soon be reduced; there is a decline in the young population due to zero growth, mortality beyond birth. For example, the number of young people under the age of 19 in Japan will only amount to 13 percent by 2060, which is usually 40 percent in 1960.
Japan's elderly population is considered economically profitable for large corporations. Lawson Inc., a chain of department stores in Japan has a salon for the elderly who has tissues and adult diapers, powerful detergents to remove urine in bedding, straw cups, washing basins, and rice and water. The decline in the working population affects the national economy. This led to a shrinking of the national military. The government has focused on medical technology such as regenerative medicine and cell therapy to recruit and retain older populations into the workforce.
Setting up labor shortages in the 1980s and 1990s led many Japanese companies to increase the mandatory retirement age from 55 to 60 or 65, and today many allow their employees to continue working after the official retirement. The more retirement age people have burdened the national pension system. In 1986, the government increased the age at which retirement benefits ranged from 60 to 65, and a deficiency in the pension system has driven many people from retirement to work and has pushed some others into poverty.
The retirement age may be higher in the future if Japan continues to have an older population population in the overall population. A study by the UN Population Division released in 2000 found that Japan would need to raise its retirement age to 77 (or allow net immigration of 17 million by 2050) to maintain a work-to-pension ratio. Consistent immigration to Japan could prevent further population decline, therefore, it is encouraged that the Japanese developed a policy that would support the inclusion of many young immigrants.
Less attractive industries, such as agriculture and construction, are more threatened than others. The average farmer in Japan is 70 years old, and while about a third of construction workers are 55 years old or older, including many who expect to retire in the next ten years, only one in ten is younger than 30.
A fall in the working age group may cause the economy to shrink if productivity does not increase faster than the rate of decline in the Japanese labor force. The OECD estimates that similar workforce deficiencies in Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and Sweden will suppress EU economic growth by 0.4 percentage points per year from 2000 to 2025, after which the shortfall will cost 0.9 percentage EU points in growth. In Japan, labor shortages will reduce growth by 0.7 percentage points annually by 2025, after which Japan will also decline by 0.9 percentage points in growth.
Government policy
The Japanese government handles demographic issues by developing policies to encourage fertility and retain more of its inhabitants, especially women and the elderly, who are involved in the workforce. Incentives for family formation include expanded opportunities for childcare, new benefits for those with children, and state-sponsored dating services. Some policies focus on engaging more women in the workplace, including longer maternity leave and legal protection against pregnancy discrimination, known in Japan as matahara ( ???? , pregnancy abuse) . However, "Womenomics," a series of policies intended to bring more women to work as part of Prime Minister Shinz? Abe's economic recovery plan, has struggled to overcome deep-rooted cultural barriers and stereotypes.
These policies prove useful to bring women back into the workforce after having children, but they can also encourage women who choose not to have children to join the workforce. The Japanese government has introduced another policy to address the growing population of the elderly, especially in rural areas. Many young people eventually move into the city to find work, leaving the aging population growing and smaller labor to care for them. Therefore, the Japanese national government has sought to improve welfare services such as long-term care facilities and other services that can assist family at home such as child care or home nursing assistance. The Gold Plan was introduced in 1990 to improve the service and sought to reduce the burden of care given to families, followed by long-term care insurance (LTCI) in 2000. This plan has been improved and revised over the years to provide more welfare services and institutions in rural areas, but the rapidly growing population of the elderly makes this effort difficult to maintain.
Immigration
Immigration is very unpopular in Japan because the government loves homogeneity throughout Japan. Homogeneity is, in this case, the same Japanese race across the country. Japan has had an isolated history of strangers ranging from 1641-1853. Japan only allows merchants from China and the Netherlands to enter Nagasaki Port on the island of Kyushu.
Citizenship is obtained when one parent of a child is a Japanese national. However, immigration can save their economies because of the low percentage of working-age population. Opening more desirable and profitable jobs will bring in immigrants within the working age population. This will help the economy better and the elders will be guarded by the influx of immigrants. Only two percent of the total population is composed of foreign residents which suggests that there may not be many opportunities for foreigners to flourish.
Immigrants should increase by eight percent, in order for the Japanese economy to stabilize. The Japanese government first tried to increase the level of tourism that boosted their economies and brought in foreign workers. The government has also recruited international students allowing foreigners to start work and potentially live in Japan to help the economy. However, Japan is very strict when receiving refugees to their country. Only 27 people from 7,500 applicants were given to Japan by 2015. Nonetheless, Japan provides high levels of foreign and humanitarian aid. By 2016, there is an increase of 44% of asylum seekers to Japan from Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines. Because Japan does not want low-skilled workers to enter, many people go through asylum routes. It allows immigrants to apply for asylum and begin work six months after the application. However, it does not allow foreigners without a valid visa to apply for a job.
Work-life balance
Japan has focused its policy on work-life balance with the aim of improving conditions to increase the birth rate. To overcome these challenges, Japan has set a goal to determine the ideal work life balance that will provide an environment for couples to have more children with the passage of the Childcare and Family Protection Law, which came into force in June 2010.
The law allows mothers and fathers to take one year's leave after the birth of a child (with the possibility of extending a further 6-month leave if the child is not admitted to the nursery school) and allows employees with preschool children the following allowance : up to five days of leave in the event of injury or illness in children, the limitation of overtime exceeding 24 hours per month based on employee demand, limits of late night work at employee's request, and opportunities for shorter working hours and flex time for employees.
The goal of the law will strive to achieve the following results in 10 years categorized by the employment rate of women (up from 65% to 72%), the percentage of employees working 60 hours or more per week (down from 11% to 6%), the use of paid annual leave (increased from 47% to 100%), the rate of childcare (increased from 72% to 80% for women and.6% to 10% for men), and hours spent by men on childcare and domestic work in households with children under the age of six (increased from 1 hour to 2.5 hours per day).
Comparison with other countries
Japan's population is aging faster than any other country on the planet. The population of people 65 years or older is about twice that in 24 years, from 7.1% of the population in 1970 to 14.1% in 1994. Life expectancy for women in Japan is 87 years, five years more than it's from the US Men in Japan with a life expectancy of 81 years, has exceeded the life expectancy of the US for four years. The same increase occurred 61 years in Italy, 85 years in Sweden, and 115 years in France. Japan also has more centenarians than other countries (58,820 in 2014, or 42.76 per 100,000 people). Almost one in five centenarians live in Japan, and 87% of them are women.
Unlike Japan, a more open immigration policy has allowed Australia, Canada and the United States to grow their workforce despite low fertility rates. The expansion of immigration is often rejected as a solution to the population decline by Japanese political leaders and people. The reasons include the fear of foreign crime, the desire to preserve cultural traditions, and the belief in the ethnic homogeneity and race of the Japanese nation.
Historically, European countries have the largest population of elderly people by proportion as they become developed countries before and decline in subsequent birth rates, but many Asian and Latin American countries are rapidly pursuing. By 2015, 22 of the 25 oldest countries are located in Europe, but Japan is currently the oldest country in the world and the aging population is rapidly showing a tendency that other Asian countries such as South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan are expected to be followed up by 2050 As the developed countries have recently continued to experience improved health care and lower fertility rates, the growth of the elderly population will continue to rise. In 1970-1975, only 19 countries had fertility rates that could be considered as substitute fertility below and no country with very low fertility (& lt; 1.3 children); However, between 2000-2005, there are 65 countries with substitute fertility below and 17 with very low fertility.
Despite the global trend of lower fertility and longer life expectancy, this is first evident in more advanced and faster-growing countries in developing countries or developed countries. One of the most astonishing aspects of the elderly population of Japan, in particular, is its rapid growth and has one of the highest life expectancy equivalent to a larger and older elderly population. According to the World Health Organization, the Japanese can live 75 years without disabilities and are fully healthy compared to other countries. Also, American women usually live about 81 years old and American men 76; but compared to Japan, women live about 87 years and men up to 80 years old. There are demographic data showing Japan is an older and faster-growing society than the United States. Japan, too, has achieved aging conditions much faster than other developed countries, and they have the highest life expectancy rates among developed countries. They, too, have the highest proportion of the elderly population as well as with the highest population decline in the developed countries.
Japan leads the world in an aging demographic, but other countries in East Asia follow the same trend. In South Korea, where fertility rates are often among the lowest in the OECD (1.21 in 2014), the population is expected to peak by 2030. The smaller states of Singapore and Taiwan are also struggling to increase fertility rates from the lowest point and manage an aging population. More than a third of the world's elderly (65 and older) live in East Asia and the Pacific, and many of the first emerging economic problems in Japan can be projected across the region. The Indian population ages just like Japan, but with a 50-year lag. A study of the population of India and Japan for the years 1950 to 2015 combined with the median median population estimate for the years 2016 to 2100 indicates that India is 50 years behind Japan in the aging process.
See also
- Celibs syndrome
- Children's Day (Japan)
- Japanese demographics
- Parents in Japan
- Marriage in Japan
- Respects for Advanced Day
General:
- List of countries and dependencies by population
- Accounting generation
- Sub-substitute for fertility
International:
- European Aging
- Older in the American workforce
- The Russian Cross
References
External links
- Japanese Statistical Stats Statistics Book
- Other Tsunami Warnings: Caring for the Elderly Japan, (NBR Expert Brief, April 2011)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments