The Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major was a 28-cylinder four-row radial piston aircraft engine designed and built during World War II, and the largest-displacement aviation piston engine to be mass-produced in the United States. It was the last of the Pratt & Whitney Wasp family, and the culmination of its maker's piston engine technology, but the war was over before it could power airplanes into combat. It did, however, power many of the last generation of large piston-engined aircraft before the turbojet, and equivalent and superior output level turboprop powerplants like the Allison T56 took over.
Video Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
Design and development
The R-4360 was a 28-cylinder four-row air-cooled radial engine. Each row of seven air-cooled cylinders possessed a slight angular offset from the previous, forming a semi-helical arrangement to facilitate effective airflow cooling of the cylinder rows behind them, inspiring the engine's "corncob" nickname. A mechanical supercharger geared at 6.374:1 ratio to engine speed provided forced induction, while the propeller was geared at 0.375:1 so that the tips did not reach inefficient supersonic speeds.
Although mechanically reliable in flight, it developed an unenviable reputation for in-flight fires, particularly in its Boeing Stratocruiser application, and in addition the Wasp Major was maintenance-intensive. Improper starting technique could foul all 56 spark plugs, requiring hours to clean or replace.
Engine displacement was 4,362.50 cu in (71.489 L), hence the model designation. Initial models developed 3,000 hp (2,240 kW), and later models 3,500 hp, but one model delivered 4,300 hp (3200 kW) using two large turbochargers in addition to the supercharger. Engines weighed 3,482 to 3,870 lb (1,579 to 1,755 kg), giving a power-to-weight ratio of 1.11 hp/lb (1.83 kW/kg).
Wasp Majors were produced between 1944 and 1955; 18,697 were built.
A derivative engine, the Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E, was essentially the R-4360 "cut in half". It had two rows of seven cylinders each, and was used on the postwar Saab 90 Scandia airliner.
Maps Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
Variants
- R-4360-4 - 2,650 hp (1,976 kW)
- R-4360-20 - 3,500 hp (2,610 kW)
- R-4360-25 - 3,000 hp (2,237 kW)
- R-4360-41 - 3,500 hp (2,610 kW)
- R-4360-51 VDT - "Variable Discharge Turbine" 4,300 hp (3,210 kW). Intended for B-36C. Used on Boeing YB-50C Superfortress. 2-Power recovery turbines.
- R-4360-53 - 3,800 hp (2,834 kW)
- R-4360-B3 - 3,500 hp (2,610 kW)
- R-4360-B6 - 3,500 hp (2,610 kW)
Applications
Engines on display
- An R-4360 is on display at the Mid America Museum of Aviation and Transportation in Sioux City, Iowa.
- An R-4360 is on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
- An R-4360 is on display at the Heritage Flight Museum in Burlington, Washington.
- An R-4360 is on display at the New England Air Museum, in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
- An R-4360 is on display at the Museum of Alaska Transportation and Industry in Wasilla, Alaska.
- An R-4360 is on display at the CAF Airpower Museum in Dallas, Texas.
- An R-4360 is on display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
- An R-4360-20WA is on display at the Teaneck Ignition Service in Teaneck, New Jersey.
- An R-4360-20WD is on display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.
- An R-4360-59B is on display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.
- An R-4360-69 is on display at the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Hill Aerospace Museum at Hill Air Force Base in Roy, Utah.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Air Victory Museum in Lumberton, New Jersey.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the CAF Airpower Museum in Dallas, Texas.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida.
- An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum in Ashland, Nebraska.
- An R-4360-4 cutaway is on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.
- An R-4360-59B cutaway is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.
- An R-4360-59B cutaway is on display at the Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida.
Specifications (R-4360-51VDT)
General characteristics
- Type: 28-cylinder supercharged air-cooled four-row radial engine
- Bore: 5.75 inches (146 mm).
- Stroke: 6.00 inches (152 mm).
- Displacement: 4,362.5 cubic inches (71,489 cm3).
- Length: 96.5 inches (2,450 mm).
- Diameter: 55 inches (1,400 mm).
- Dry weight: 3,870 pounds (1,760 kg).
Components
- Valvetrain: Poppet, two valves per cylinder
- Supercharger: Gear-driven single stage variable speed centrifugal type supercharger
- Turbocharger: General Electric CHM-2
- Fuel system: Bendix-Stromberg PR-100E2 pressure carburetor
- Fuel type: 115/145 Aviation gasoline
- Oil system: Dry sump
- Cooling system: Air-cooled
Performance
- Power output: 4,300 hp (3.2 MW)
- Specific power: 0.99 hp/in³ (44.9 kW/L)
- Compression ratio: 6.7 : 1
- Power-to-weight ratio: 1.11 hp/lb (1.83 kW/kg)
See also
- Related development
- Pratt & Whitney Wasp series
- Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp
- R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior
- Pratt & Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet
- Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E
- Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp
- Comparable engines
- BMW 803
- Bristol Centaurus
- Shvetsov ASh-2
- Wright R-3350
- Related lists
- List of aircraft engines
References
Notes
Bibliography
- Bridgman, Leonard, ed. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951-1952. London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd 1951.
- White, Graham (2006). R-4360: Pratt & Whitney's Major Miracle. North Branch, Minn.: Specialty Press. ISBN 1-58007-097-3.
External links
- Pratt & Whitney R-4360 page
- National Museum of the USAF - R-4360 fact sheet
- "3,500 h.p. Radial" a 1947 Flight article on the Wasp Major
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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