?koda Auto

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?koda Auto (Czech pronunciation: ['?koda] ( listen)), more commonly known as ?koda, is a Czech automobile manufacturer founded in 1895 as Laurin & Klement. Its headquarters are in Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic.

In 1925 Laurin & Klement was acquired by ?koda Works which itself became state owned during the days of the Communist government. After 1991 it was gradually privatized and in 2000 ?koda became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group.

Initially the company was meant to serve the role of VW Group's entry brand. Over time, however, the ?koda brand has progressed upmarket, with most models overlapping with their Volkswagen counterparts on price and features, while eclipsing them on space. Its total global sales reached 1.13 million cars in 2016 and had risen annually by 6.8 percent, profit rose by 6.5% in 2015.

Video ?koda Auto

History

The ?koda Works were established as an arms manufacturer in 1859. ?koda Auto (and its predecessors) is one of the five oldest companies producing cars and has an unbroken history alongside Daimler, Opel, Peugeot and Tatra.

Laurin & Klement

The origins of what became ?koda Auto go back to the early 1890s when, like many long-established car manufacturers, a company started manufacturing bicycles. ?koda (then Laurin & Klement) factories were founded in 1896 as a velocipede manufacturer.

In 1894, 26-year-old Václav Klement, who was a bookseller in Mladá Boleslav, Kingdom of Bohemia (today's Czech Republic, then part of Austria-Hungary), was unable to obtain spare parts to repair his German bicycle. Klement returned his bicycle to the manufacturers, Seidel and Naumann, with a letter, in Czech, asking them to carry out repairs, only to receive a reply, in German, stating: "If you would like an answer to your inquiry, you should try writing in a language we can understand". Not satisfied with the reply and realising the business potential, Klement, despite having no technical experience, decided to start a bicycle repair shop, which he and Václav Laurin opened in 1896 in Mladá Boleslav. Before going into partnership with Klement, Laurin was an established bicycle manufacturer in the nearby town of Turnov.

In 1898, after moving to their newly built factory, the pair bought a Werner "Motocyclette". Laurin & Klement's first motorcyclette, powered by an engine mounted on the handlebars driving the front wheels, proved dangerous and unreliable -- an early accident on it cost Laurin a front tooth. To design a safer machine with its structure around the engine, the pair wrote to German ignition specialist Robert Bosch for advice on a different electromagnetic system.

Their new Slavia motorcycle made its debut in 1899 and the company became the first motorcycle factory in Central Europe. In 1900, with a company workforce of 32, Slavia exports began and 150 machines were shipped to London for the Hewtson firm. Shortly afterwards, the press credited them as makers of the first motorcycle.

By 1905 the firm was manufacturing automobiles, making it the second-oldest car manufacturer in the Czech lands after Tatra. The company, with an area of 7,800 m², had a workforce of 320 and used 170 special machine-tools, power-driven by 100 hp of steam power. The first model, Voiturette A, was a success and the company was established both within Austria-Hungary and internationally.

?koda

After World War I the Laurin & Klement company began producing trucks, but in 1924, after running into problems and being affected by a fire on their premises, the company sought a new partner.

Meanwhile, "Akciová spole?nost, d?íve ?kodovy závody" (Limited Company, formerly the ?koda Works), an arms manufacturer and multi-sector concern in Pilsen which had become one of the largest industrial enterprises in Europe and the largest in Czechoslovakia, sought to enlarge its non-arms manufacturing base and acquired Laurin & Klement in 1925. It also started manufacturing cars in cooperation with Hispano-Suiza. Most of the later production took place under ?koda's name.

An assembly line was used for production from 1930 onwards. In the same year a formal spin-off of the car manufacture into a new company, Akciová spole?nost pro automobilový pr?mysl or abbreviated ASAP, took place. ASAP remained a wholly owned subsidiary of the ?koda Works and continued to sell cars under the ?koda marque. Apart from the factory in Mladá Boleslav it included also the firm's representation, sales offices and services, as well as a central workshop in Prague. At the time, the car factory in Mladá Boleslav covered an area of 215,000 square metres and employed 3,750 blue-collar and 500 white-collar workers.

After a decline caused by the economic depression, ?koda introduced a new line of cars in the 1930s which significantly differed from its previous products. A new design of chassis with backbone tube and all-around independent suspension was developed under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimír Matou? and modelled on the one first introduced by Hans Ledwinka in Tatra. First used on model ?koda 420 Standard in 1933, it aimed at solving insufficient torsional stiffness of the ladder frame.

The new design of chassis became the basis for models Popular (845-1,089 cc), Rapid (1,165-1,766 cc), Favorit (1,802-2,091 cc) and the Superb (2,492-3,991 cc). While in 1933 ?koda had a 14% share of the Czechoslovak car market and occupied third place behind Praga and Tatra, the new line made it a market leader by 1936, with a 39% share in 1938.

World War II

During the occupation of Czechoslovakia in World War II the ?koda Works were turned into part of the Reichswerke Hermann Göring serving the German war effort by producing components for military terrain vehicles, military planes, other weapon components and cartridge cases. Vehicle output decreased from 7,052 in 1939 to 683 in 1944, of which only 35 were passenger cars. A total of 316 trucks were produced between January and May 1945. The UK and US air forces bombed the ?koda works repeatedly between 1940 and 1945. The final massive air raid took place on 25 April 1945 and resulted in almost the complete destruction of the ?koda armament works and about 1,000 dead or injured.

Post World War II

When, by July 1945, the Mladá Boleslav factory had been reconstructed, production of ?koda's first post-World War II car, the 1101 series began. It was essentially an updated version of the pre-World War II ?koda Popular. In the autumn of 1948, ?koda (along with all other large manufacturers) became part of the communist planned economy, which meant it was separated from the parent company, ?koda Works. In spite of unfavourable political conditions and losing contact with technical development in non-communist countries, ?koda retained a good reputation until the 1960s, producing models such as the ?koda 440 Spartak, 445 Octavia, Felicia and ?koda 1000 MB.

In late 1959, the ?koda Felicia, a compact four-cylinder convertible coupe, was imported into the United States for model year 1960. Its retail price was around US$ 2,700, for which one could purchase a nicely-equipped V8 domestic car that was larger, more comfortable, and had more luxury and convenience features (gasoline retailed for less than 30 cents per gallon, so fuel economy was not of primary importance in America at that time). Those Felicias that made it to American ownership soon had a number of reliability problems, further damaging the car's reputation. The Felicia was therefore a poor seller in the States and leftover cars ended up being hied off at a fraction of the original retail list. Since that time, ?koda automobiles have not been imported into the U.S. for retail sale.

In the late 1980s, ?koda (then named Automobilové závody, národní podnik or abbreviated AZNP) was still manufacturing cars that conceptually dated back to the 1960s. Rear-engined models such as the ?koda 105/120, Estelle and Rapid sold steadily and performed well against more modern makes in races such as the RAC Rally in the 1970s and 1980s. They won their class in the RAC rally for 17 years running. They were powered by a 130 brake horsepower (97 kW), 1,289 cubic centimetres (78.7 cu in) engine. In spite of its dated image and becoming the subject of negative jokes, ?kodas remained a common sight on the roads of UK and Western Europe throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

Sport versions of the Estelle and earlier models were produced, using the name "Rapid". Soft-top versions were also available. The Rapid was once described as the "poor man's Porsche", and had significant sales success in the UK during the 1980s.

"Of course, that the ?koda became such a figure of fun was in part due to its ubiquity on Britain's roads. The company must have been doing something right." (from a BBC report on ?koda sales in 1980s)

In 1987 the Favorit was introduced, and was one of a trio of compact Western-influenced front-wheel drive hatchbacks from the three main Eastern Bloc manufacturers around that time, the others being VAZ's Lada Samara and Zastava's Yugo Sana. The Favorit's appearance was the work of the Italian design company Bertone. With some motor technology licensed from western Europe, but still using the ?koda-designed 1289 cc engine, ?koda engineers designed a car comparable to western production. The technological gap was still there, but began closing rapidly. The Favorit was very popular in Czechoslovakia and other Eastern Bloc countries. It also sold well in Western Europe, especially in the UK and Denmark due to its low price and was regarded as solid and reliable. However, it was perceived as having poor value compared with contemporary Western European designs. The Favorit's trim levels were improved and it continued to be sold until the introduction of the Felicia in 1994.

Volkswagen Group subsidiary

The fall of communism with the Velvet Revolution brought great changes to Czechoslovakia and most industries were subject to privatization. In the case of ?koda Automobile, the state authorities brought in a strong foreign partner. Volkswagen was chosen by the Czech government on 9 December 1990, and, as a result, on 28 March 1991 a joint-venture partnership agreement with Volkswagen took place, marked by the transfer of a 30% share to the Volkswagen Group on 16 April 1991. By this stage, ?koda was still making its outdated range of rear engine saloons, although it had started production of the Favorit front-wheel drive hatchback in 1987 as an eventual replacement.

In the following years, ?koda became the fourth brand of the German group, as the Volkswagen Group raised its equity share first on 19 December 1994, to 60.3%, followed on 11 December 1995, to 70%.

In the competition for ?koda, Volkswagen was pitted against French car-maker Renault, which lost out because its strategic plan did not include producing high-value models in the Czech factories; Renault proposed to manufacture the Renault Twingo city car in the ?koda factories.

At the time the decision was made, privatization to a major German company was somewhat controversial, since there was still anti-German sentiment lingering in the Czech Republic from WW2 and its aftermath. However, it could be argued that the subsequent fortunes of other Eastern-Bloc automobile manufacturers such as Lada, AutoVAZ, and of ?koda Works itself - once ?koda Auto's parent company - suggested that Volkswagen's involvement was not necessarily a result of poor judgement.

Backed by Volkswagen Group expertise and investments, the design -- both style and engineering -- has improved greatly. The 1994 model Felicia was effectively a reskin of the Favorit, but quality and equipment improvements helped, and in the Czech Republic the car was perceived as good value for money and became popular. Sales improved across Europe, including the United Kingdom, where the Felicia was one of the best-ranking cars in customer satisfaction surveys.

Volkswagen AG chairman Ferdinand Piëch personally chose Dirk van Braeckel as head of design, and the subsequent Octavia and Fabia models made their way to the demanding European Union markets. They are built on common Volkswagen Group floorpans. The Fabia, launched at the end of 1999, formed the basis for later versions of the Volkswagen Polo and SEAT Ibiza, while the Octavia, launched in 1996, has shared its floorpan with a host of cars, the most popular of which is the Volkswagen Golf.

The perception of ?koda in Western Europe has completely changed since the takeover by VW, in stark comparison with the reputation of the cars throughout the 1980s--often described as "the laughing stock" of the automotive world. As technical development progressed and attractive new models were marketed, ?koda's image was initially slow to improve. In the UK, a major turnabout was achieved with the ironic "It is a ?koda, honest" campaign, which began in 2000 when the Fabia launched. In a 2003 advertisement on British television, a new employee on the production line is fitting ?koda badges on the car bonnets. When some attractive looking cars come along he stands back, not fitting the badge, since they look so good they cannot be ?kodas. This market campaign worked by confronting ?koda's image problem head-on -- a tactic which marketing professionals regarded as high risk. By 2005 ?koda was selling over 30,000 cars a year in the UK, a market share of over 1%. For the first time in its UK history, a waiting list developed for deliveries from ?koda. UK owners have consistently ranked the brand at or near the top of customer satisfaction surveys since the late 1990s.

Growth strategy

2010 was a year of important changes for ?koda Auto, in terms of both products and management. On 1 September 2010, Prof. Dr. h.c. Winfried Vahland assumed responsibility for the management of the company, becoming the CEO of ?koda Auto. Under Vahland's leadership, ?koda set forth plans to double the company's annual sales to at least 1.5 million by 2018 (later known as the 'Growth Strategy', Czech: 'R?stová strategie').

At the 2010 Paris Motor Show in September 2010, the company unveiled the Octavia Green E Line. This e-car concept was the forerunner to the e-car test fleet that ?koda released in 2012. The final 1st-generation Octavia (Tour) was produced at the Mladá Boleslav plant in November 2010. The worldwide production of this model exceeded 1.4 million units since its release in 1996. In 2010 for the first time in history, China overtook German sales to become ?koda's largest individual market.

In 2011, ?koda Auto celebrated its 20-year partnership with the Volkswagen Group. More than 75,000 visitors attended an open-house event held in Mladá Boleslav in the April. Earlier that year, the company provided details on its 2018 Growth Strategy: for at least one new or completely revised model to be released every six months. With this in mind, the company redesigned its logo and CI, which was presented at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. ?koda's main attraction at the event was the VisionD design concept; a forerunner to the future 3rd generation Octavia. ?koda presented the MissionL design study at the IAA in Frankfurt am Main in September, which was to become the basis of the company's forthcoming compact model the European Rapid.

In the same year, the company started production of the new Rapid model in Pune, India (October 2011), and launched the Citigo at Volkswagen's Bratislava plant (November 2011).

In 2012 ?koda introduced two new mass production models. The European version of the Rapid premiered at the Paris Motor Show. This car was a successor to the 1st-generation Octavia in terms of its price bracket. The second model was the 3rd-generation Octavia, which premiered In December 2012. In the same month, local production of the Yeti was launched at the Nizhny Novgorod GAZ factory.

In 2012 ?koda introduced an emission-free fleet of Octavia Green E Line e-cars on Czech roads to be used by external partners. Since internal tests on the fleet in late 2011, the e-fleet had driven more than 250,000 km. During the same year, ?koda celebrated several milestones, including fourteen million ?koda cars being produced since 1905 (January), three million Fabias (May), 500,000 Superbs at the Kvasiny plant (June ) and 5 years of ?koda operations in China.

Massive rejuvenation of the model range was a major tune for 2013 at ?koda: The Czech car maker launched the third-generation Octavia Combi and Octavia RS (both liftback and estate) as well as facelifted Superb and Superb Combi. They were accompanied by brand new members of the Rapid family as the Rapid Spaceback, the first ?koda hatchback car in the compact segment, and the Chinese version of the Rapid. The Yeti also faced significant changes. With the facelift, two design variants of ?koda's compact SUV are now available: city-like Yeti and rugged Yeti Outdoor. Chinese customers were also given a Yeti with an extended wheelbase.

In 2015, Volkswagen admitted that it had installed pollution-cheating software in many of its cars to fool regulators that its cars met emissions standards when in fact they polluted at much higher-levels than government standards. 1.2 million Skoda cars worldwide were fitted with this emissions-cheating device. Skoda stated that Volkswagen would recall and cover refitting costs for all of the cars affected by the Volkswagen emissions testing scandal.

In 2015 ?koda was voted the most dependable car brand in the UK. A corporate strategy was launched in 2015 to produce an all-electric car by 2020 or 2021 with a range of over 500 kilometres (310 mi), 15-minute charging time, and a cost below comparative combustion-engine vehicles.

As of August 2016, Skoda was being sold in 102 countries with planned expansions to South Korea, Singapore and Iran within a year. The decision whether to expand into the North American market is planned to be made in 2017.

?koda Auto started to manufacture a large, seven-seat SUV ?koda Kodiaq in 2016, intended to be a true off-roader, it was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in October 2016 and sales began at early 2017.

Maps ?koda Auto

Electrification strategy

In 2015, new ?koda chairman Bernhard Maier stated that the Volkswagen Group "is working on a modular, new electric platform and we are in the team", and that "there is no alternative to electrification." The target of ?koda is to produce an electric car with a range of over 500 kilometres (310 mi), 15-minute charging time and a cost below a comparative combustion-engine vehicle. New ?koda corporate "Strategy 2025", which replaces the previous "Strategy 2018", aims to start production of a fully electric vehicle in 2020 or 2021, after a plug-in hybrid Superb in 2019.

In 2017 Auto Shanghai, ?koda displayed its Vision E concept for an electric car with level 3 autonomy capability and 500 kilometres (310 mi) range that is planned to be on sale from 2020. Five electric models across different segments are planned to be available by 2025. According to an August 2017 test drive report by Autocar, Vision E is to be released in 2019. According to product manager Guido Haak, the electric 300bhp coupé-SUV is to be a direct competitor of Tesla Model 3 and a step upmarket for ?koda. ?koda Auto will also manufacture electric-vehicle batteries for the Volkswagen Group in its facility in the Czech Republic.

src: aykam.biz

Financial results

?koda has maintained sound financial stability over recent years. In 2013 the brand achieved sales revenues totalling EUR10.3 billion (2012: EUR10.4 billion). Due to the weak economic situation in many European countries and the expansion of the model range, operating profit reached a modest 522 million euros (2012: EUR712 million). ?koda achieved a successful start to 2014: As well as recording the highest number of deliveries to customers in a first quarter ever (247,200; up 12.1%), it recorded a significant increase in sales revenue (23.7%) to almost 3 billion euros. Operating profit increased 65.2% to 185 million Euros over the previous year.

Sales figures

src: karc.us

Factories

?koda cars are now made in factories in the Czech Republic, China, Russia, India and Slovakia. A smaller number of ?koda models are additionally manufactured in Öskemen, Kazakhstan and Solomonovo, Ukraine through local partners. The following table lists the factories and their production models in 2015.

src: aykam.biz

Motorsport

World Rally Championship

Following a long history of class victories in lower levels of motorsport, ?koda became a participant in the FIA World Rally Championship in the 1999 season, with World Rally Car models of the ?koda Octavia. ?koda's best result with the Octavia WRC was Armin Schwarz's third place at the 2001 Safari Rally. From mid 2003, the Octavia was replaced by the smaller ?koda Fabia. ?koda used the 2004 season to develop the car further, but did not achieve much success the following season. However, at the season-ending Rally Australia, 1995 world champion Colin McRae was running second before retiring. ?koda then withdrew from the series, and the 2006 season saw ?koda represented by the semi-privateer Red Bull ?koda Team. Jan Kopecký drove the Fabia WRC to fifth place at the Rally Catalunya, and as late as the 2007 Rallye Deutschland the Fabia still achieved a fifth-place result, again in the hands of Kopecký. Former works Ford and Citroen driver François Duval also drove a Fabia WRC in 2006 for the privateer First Motorsport team, achieving a sixth-place finish in Catalunya.

World Rally Championship-2

In 2009, ?koda entered the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC) for the first time, using the Fabia S2000, winning three rallies and finishing second in both the drivers and manufacturers championship. In 2010, ?koda won a total of seven IRC events winning both the manufacturers and driver championship for Juho Hänninen. These achievements were repeated in the following two seasons, with Andreas Mikkelsen as the drivers' champion. In 2013, the Intercontinental Rally Challenge was merged with the European Rally Championship (ERC) and the team gained the drivers' championship title once again for Jan Kopecký. The car was also raced by privateers in several championships, including Red Bull, Barwa, Rene Georges and Rufa in the 2010 Super 2000 World Rally Championship.

?koda Motorsport won the 2015, 2016 and 2017 WRC-2 championships with ?koda Fabia R5.

Bonneville Speedway

In August 2011 a special ?koda Octavia vRS set the world record at the Bonneville Speedway and became the fastest car in the world with an engine up to two litres, when it hit 227 mph (365 km/h). The current fastest production ?koda car is the ?koda Superb III, with a top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph) and an acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 5.8 seconds.

src: aykam.biz

Models

Current models

• ?koda Kodiaq - SUV (2016-present)
• ?koda Karoq - compact SUV (2017-present)
• ?koda Superb III - Executive car (2015-present)
• ?koda Octavia III - Large family car (2013-present)
• ?koda Rapid - Small family car (2012-present)
• ?koda Fabia III - Supermini (2014-present)
• ?koda Citigo - City car (2011-present)

Historic models

1900s

• Laurin & Klement A (1905-07)
• Laurin & Klement B (1906-08)
• Laurin & Klement C (1906-08)
• Laurin & Klement D (1906-07)
• Laurin & Klement E (1906-09)
• Laurin & Klement B2 (1907-08)
• Laurin & Klement C2 (1907-08)
• Laurin & Klement F (1907-09)
• Laurin & Klement FF (1907)
• Laurin & Klement FC (1907-09)
• Laurin & Klement HO/ HL/HLb (1907-13)
• Laurin & Klement BS (1908-09)
• Laurin & Klement FCS (1908-09)
• Laurin & Klement G (1908-11)
• Laurin & Klement DO/DL (1909-12)
• Laurin & Klement FDO/FDL (1909-15)
• Laurin & Klement EN (1909-10)
• Laurin & Klement FN/GDV/RC (1909-13)
• Laurin & Klement FCR (1909)
• Laurin & Klement L/LO (1909-11)

1910s

• Laurin & Klement ENS (1910-11)
• Laurin & Klement K/Kb/LOKb (1911-15)
• Laurin & Klement LK (1911-12)
• Laurin & Klement S/Sa (1911-16)
• Laurin & Klement DN (1912-15)
• Laurin & Klement RK (1912-16)
• Laurin & Klement Sb/Sc (1912-15)
• Laurin & Klement M/Mb/MO (1913-15)
• Laurin & Klement MK/400 (1913-24)
• Laurin & Klement O/OK (1913-16)
• Laurin & Klement Sd/Se/Sg/Sk (1913-17)
• Laurin & Klement Ms (1914-20)
• Laurin & Klement Sh/Sk (1914-17)
• Laurin & Klement T/Ta (1914-21)
• Laurin & Klement Si/Sl/Sm/So/200/205 (1916-24)
• Laurin & Klement Md/Me/Mf/Mg/Mh/Mi/Ml/300/305 (1917-23)

1920s

• Laurin & Klement MS/540/545 (1920-23)
• Laurin & Klement ?koda 545 (1924-27)
• ?koda 422 (1929-32)
• ?koda 430 (1929-36)

1930s

• ?koda 633 (1931-34)
• ?koda 637 (1932-35)
• ?koda 420 Standard/Rapid/Popular (1933-38)
• ?koda Rapid (1935-47)
• ?koda Favorit (1936-1941)
• ?koda Superb (1934-43)

1940s

• ?koda Superb OHV (1946-49)
• ?koda 1101 Tudor (1946-49)
• ?koda 1102 (1948-52)
• ?koda VOS (1949-52)

1950s

• ?koda 1200 (1952-55)
• ?koda 440/445/450 (1955-59)
• ?koda 1201 (1955-62)
• ?koda Felicia (1959-64)
• ?koda Octavia (1959-64)

1960s

• ?koda 1202 (1961-73)
• ?koda Octavia Combi (1964-71)
• ?koda 1000 MB (1964-69)
• ?koda 1203 (1968-99)
• ?koda 100/110 (1969-77)

1970s

• ?koda 110 R (1970-80)
• ?koda 105/120/125 (1976-90)

1980s

• ?koda Garde (1981-84)
• ?koda 130/135/136 (1984-90)
• ?koda Rapid (1984) (1984-90)
• ?koda Favorit/Forman/Pick-up (1987-1995)

1990s

• ?koda Felicia (1994-2001)
• ?koda Octavia first generation (1996-2004, Tour 2004-10)
• ?koda Fabia first generation (1999-2007)

2000s

• ?koda Superb first generation (2001-08)
• ?koda Octavia second generation {2004-13}
• ?koda Roomster/Praktik - LAV (2006-15)
• ?koda Superb second generation (2008-15)
• ?koda Yeti - Mini SUV (2009-17)

Concept cars

• ?koda SUV model (2016)
• Vision C (2013)
• MissionL (2011)
• Vision D (2011)
• Fabia Super (2007)
• Joyster (2006)
• Yeti II (2006)
• Roomster (2003)
• Tudor (2002)
• Fabia Paris Edition (2002)
• Ahoj (2002)
• Felicia Golden Prague (1998)
• 783 Favorit Coupé (1987)
• ?koda 110 Super Sport Ferat (1971)
• ?koda 1100 GT (1968)
• ?koda 720 (1967-1972)
• ?koda F3 (1964)
• ?koda 1100 Type 968 (1958)
• ?koda 973 Babeta (1949)

src: aykam.biz

Logo

In 1923 two different trademarks were registered at the Office for Innovation and Model Registration in Plze?. The first depicted a winged arrow pointing to the right with five feathers in a circle and the second was a winged arrow with three feathers. The famous winged arrow with three feathers still forms the ?koda logo today. The ?KODA text was added to the logo in 1936. The arrow represents speed, the wings progress and freedom, the eye precision and the circle unity, completeness, world and harmony.

src: i1.wp.com

See also

• Avia
• List of Czech automobiles
• ?koda India
• ?koda Works
• Tatra

src: aykam.biz

Bibliography

• Margolius, Ivan & Meisl, Charles (1992). ?koda Laurin & Klement. London: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-237-4. 

src: c8.alamy.com

Notes

src: s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com

References

src: c8.alamy.com

External links

• Official website
• ?koda Auto's channel on YouTube

Source of the article : Wikipedia